صبحِ قفس کا جمالیاتی پہلو
سر زمین پاک پتن کی عظمت ورفعت کے سے کیسے انکار ہو سکتا ہے۔ یہی وہ مخزن ومعدن تصوف ہے جس میں پائے جانے والے لعل وگہر کسی کو مفلوک الحال یا تشنہ لب نہیں رہنے دیتے۔ فیوض وبرکات سے مالامال اس خطہ تحریم سے محبت کرنے والا کبھی کسی احساس محرومی کاشکار نہیں رہ سکتا۔ خواہ وہ اس سے ہزاروں میل دور ہی کیوں نہ ہو مگر جو سعادت منداپنے صبح و مسا دامن حضرت گنج شکرؒ کے ساتھ وابستگی میں گزاررہا ہو یقینا اس کا طائر تخیل اوج سماء کی جانب ہر وقت محو پرواز رہتا ہے۔ تائب نظامی انھی خوش مقدر لوگوں میں شمار ہوتے ہیں جو ہر لمحہ مزار گنج شکرؒ کی تابش سے اپنے دل ونگاہ کو منور کیے ہوئے ہیں اور پھر خوش قسمتی سے اگر انسان شاعر اور ادیب بھی ہو تو یہاں قیام کا لطف دوآتشہ بلکہ سہ آتشہ ہو جاتا ہے۔ میں دل کی گہرائیوں سے یہ محسوس کرتا ہوں کہ صاحب مزارؒ کے تلطف اور نوازش سے تائب نظامی کے شعری وادبی حوصلوں کو نیاولولہ اور عزائم کو تخلیق کے نئے اُفق عطا ہوتے ہیں۔ صبحِ قفس’’عروض‘‘ کی ایک ایسی دلآویز ہے جو ’’گلہائے رنگارنگ سے ہے زینت چمن‘‘ کا دل پذیر منظر پیش کر رہی ہے۔ میں اس حقیقت کا اظہار کسی تصنع یاریا کے بغیر کر رہا ہوں کہ قدرتِ کاملہ نے اس ’’تلمیذخاص‘‘ کو ردیف قافیہ ، اوزان و بحور اور بندش الفاظ پر جو دسترس عطا کر رکھی ہے اس کی داد میرے امکان میں نہیں۔
غزلیات پر مشتمل صبح قفس کا آغاز حسب روایت حمدو نعت سے ہوتا ہے۔ شاعر ان اصناف کی نزاکتوں سے کماحقہ آگاہ ہیں۔ وہ حمد و نعت کی گہرائی وگیرائی سے اچھی طرح شناسا ہیں۔ حمد کا ایک شعر الوہیت رب...
The present study entitled “Buddhism in Gandhara” focuses on the religious faith of Gandharans during the Kushan Empire, especially during Kanishka Reign when Buddhism became popular. This research focuses on the religious art works flourished during the regime, including stone sculpture of Gandhara and Mathura reflect the Hellenistic style of Gandharan Buddhist art. It also deals with the artifacts, coins, inscriptions, narrative sculptures from Kushan to ascertain Gandharan Buddhist tradition as documented in art, archaeology, and epigraphy, which comes mainly from the region. The Study can be distinguished as a special case study of its own nature for being conducted in the geographical boundaries, where Kushan and Gandhara art was experimented and practiced which afterwards achieved a status of the full-scale culture of the area. The main aim of the research was to study the religious aspects of the inhabitants of the Kushan period, which was prominent in the living patterns of different social classes, structural design of the buildings, attires and cultural outfits of various segments of the society as well as personal features like ornaments, headdresses, and social rituals in shaping the cultural contours of Gandhara art. The study, based on empirical data collected from various museums and archaeological sites, particularly from excavated areas around Taxila valley, which reflect a special understanding of religious artwork during the regime of Kushans supporting a close link with the Kings and Princess during their control of South Asian region. This paper concludes that Buddhism was a thriving religion during the Greek regime and was supported by the state.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ranks fifth among important crops worldwide having the annual production of 136 million metric tonnes. In comparison with other cereal crops, it is more tolerant to water shortage, cold environments and salinity and hence is a crop of marginal lands. Drought is an important factor limiting barley yield because about two third of the area of barley production in Pakistan is rainfed. The present study was focused to unravel the morphological and biochemical dynamics and processes underlying adaptation to drought in local genotypes of barley. After initial screening in hydroponics at early growth stage, the barley genotypes were grouped into drought sensitive and tolerant categories using Ward’s hierarchical clustering procedure. The drought sensitive group comprised of nine genotypes (004186, Jau-83, Sanober-96, 004222, Haider-93, 004325, 005130, Soorab-96 and Jau-87) while the tolerant group consisted of six genotypes (004223, 004360, Frontier -87, 004201, 017655 and 005137). Drought linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers also separated sensitive and tolerant genotypes into different groups in UPGMA clustering. Among the drought sensitive group, 004186 was found to be the most sensitive genotype and 004223 as the most tolerant one in the tolerant group. Dehydrins are the proteins who play an important role in plant adaptation to drought. Immunoblots were used to characterize dehydrins in local barley genotypes. The maximum dehydrin expression was found in the most drought tolerant genotype 004223 while the most sensitive genotype 004186 lack this expression. Further characterizations of barley genotypes were done in a pot experiment at tillering, booting and milking stages of development. The data recorded was analysed using CRD. The milking stage came out 18 to be the most responsive towards drought. Genetic diversity analysis was done using Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. The resultant dendrogram clustered barley cultivars and landraces into two separate groups. Global changes in protein profiles of the most sensitive (004186) and the most tolerant genotype (004223) were further investigated using proteomics technique. After the extraction of proteins from shoots, their separation was carried out by 2D-PAGE and staining was done with coomassie brilliant blue. Among the commom proteins between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in response to drought, the expression of Vacuolar Proton ATPase subunit E was increased while Photosystem I reaction centre II was decreased. Many of the proteins involved in photosynthesis and metabolism were decreased in the sensitive genotype under drought, however, they were increased in the tolerant genotype. Similarly, proteins related to energy, defense and transportation were also increased in the tolerant genotype only. To further investigate the response of three most drought tolerant genotypes (004223, 004360 and Frontier-87), a confirmatory experiment was conducted using proteomics approach. Among these genotypes, the twofold increase in the expression of Alpha SNAP and Methionine synthase alongwith Glycine decarboxylase indicated their crucial role in water stress tolerance. In conclusion, these target proteins involved in maintaining ion balance, chromatin protection and suppression of ROS came out to be the candidates for drought stress acclimation in barley genotypes.