Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures that involve removal of the female genitalia and / or injury to the female genital organs for cultural and / or any other nonmedical reason. The practice poses serious threats to women’s health hence violating their health and rights. FGM, also referred to as genital cutting, is deeply rooted amongst the Abagusii community of Kenya, with 84% of the girls cut as per Kenya Demographic Health Survey report of 2014 and the medicalized form slowly replacing the traditional cut. Overall in Kenya, the medicalized form stands at 14% as at 2014. Although FGM is illegal in Kenya, and the existing strategies by government through various laws and policies to curb FGM notwithstanding, its prevalence among the Abagusii community remains unacceptably high and medicalization seems to be increasing. Understanding the experiences and perspectives amongst healthcare professionals and community leaders in this community, will help inform new strategies to curb the practice. Objectives: Primary objective: To explore the experiences and perspectives of health professionals and community leaders towards FGM and its medicalization in Kisii county. Secondary objectives: To establish the experiences and perspectives among health professionals and community leaders on factors that contribute to the continued practice of FGM in Kisii county and secondly, to elicit views of health professionals and community leaders on new strategies that if used, could help curb the medicalization of FGM in Kisii county. Methods: A qualitative study using a focused ethnography approach was conducted to explore the experiences and perspectives of health professionals and community leaders towards FGM and its medicalization in Kisii county. Sampling was purposive. Twenty-six participants (18 health professionals and eight community leaders) from two sub-counties of Kisii County were recruited. Signed informed consent was acquired from all participants. Data collection was done using audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. All audiorecordings were transcribed in English. A thematic approach was used for analysis supported by NVivo version 12 plus software. Results: A total of 18 healthcare professionals (six doctors, six clinical officers, six nurses), eight community leaders (two representatives from local community-based organizations relevant to the study topic of interest, two religious leaders and four chiefs/assistant chiefs) were interviewed. Among health workers, doctors demonstrated more understanding on FGM compared to the other healthcare professionals. All the study participants demonstrated little knowledge on existing laws and policies. The general attitude towards FGM
Six Lectures, on the Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam یہ اقبال کے سات خطبات کا مجموعہ ہے۔ تین خطبے اقبال نے مدراس میں دیے، تین علی گڑھ میں دیے اور ایک لندن میں دیا۔ سید نذیر نیازی نے اس کا اردو ترجمہ کیا جو ء 1958 ء میں بزم اقبال لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ اس سے پہلے لاہور اور لندن سے انگریزی میں یہ خطبات شائع ہو چکے تھے۔ پاکستان اور ہندوستان میں اردو زبان میں ان خطبات کے کئی تراجم ہو چکے ہیں۔ ان خطبات پر ہر دور میں تحقیقی وتخلیقی کام ہوتا رہا ہے۔ اب بھی ان پر بحث جاری ہے۔ خطبات کے دیباچے کو بہت اہمیت حاصل ہے جس میں اقبال نے کہا ہے کہ: ”فلسفیانہ غور وفکر میں قطعیت کوئی چیز نہیں۔ جیسے جیسے جہاں علم میں ہمارا قدم آگے بڑھتا ہے اور فکر کے لیے نئے نئے راستے کھل جاتے ہیں، کتنے ہی اور ، اور شاید ان نظریوں سے جو ان خطبات میں پیش کیے گئے ہیں، زیادہ بہتر نظریے ہمارے سامنے آتے جائیں گے۔ ہمارا فرض بہر حال یہ ہے کہ فکر انسانی کے نشود نما پر بہ ا حتیاط نظر رکھیں اور اس باب میں آزادی کے ساتھ نقد و تنقید سے کام لیتے رہیں “ (16) اس طرح خطبات پر تحقیق و تنقید بھی ہوئی مگر اس سے نئے موضوعات بھی سامنے آئے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اقبال کے علمی افکار اور فکری مباحث کی تفہیم کے لیے اس کتاب کے مطالعہ کو اہم قرار دیا ہے۔
تناولت الورقة البحثية العلاقة الإيجابية بين كل من الإفصاح المحاسبي عن المعلومات الواجب توافرها ونشرها عن المنشأة، من خلال أساليب الإفصاح التي هي الطرق التي تسهل فهم وقراءة البيانات المالية، وكل أسلوب يكمل ويفسر كل غموض وارد في القوائم المالية خاصة وأن الإفصاح ضرورة مهمة تقتضيها عملية توصيل المعلومات المناسبة وبالنوعية المطلوبة في الوقت المناسب. كما ناقش الباحثون مفهوم المحاسبة الإبداعية وممارساتها، وكيفية تسكين هذه الممارسات بين الجائزة وعدم الجائزة، حيث تطرق الباحثون إلى هذه الممارسات التي تضمنتها المعايير الدولية لإعداد التقارير المالية . IFRS
Linear and non-linear dynamics of di erent electrostatic modes is studied in inhomoge- neous, magnetized and non-Maxwellian plasmas. A linear dispersion relation is obtained for the Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) mode and numerically analyzed in the presence of dust charge uctuations and Kappa distributed electrons. It is found that these nonthermal pop- ulations reduce the growth rate ITG. It is also noticed that the characteristics of ITG driven vortices change with the value of spectral index, inhomogeneities, scale lengths and dust charge uctuations. Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) mode is investigated in a collisionless plasma with Kappa distributed ions. Di erent aspects of the ETG-mode are discussed and noticed that these are modi ed with the superthermality e ect of ions e.g., the phase velocity of the ETG- mode. In the nonlinear regime, we found the ETG mode driven vortex structures, where we noticed that the vortex speed and the amplitude changes with the Kappa value and the ion to electron temperature ratio. Further, the ETG mode is discussed by including the parallel electron dynamics. It is noticed that the parallel motion of electrons stabilizes the ETG instability. Thus the possibility of the formation of nonlinear vortex structures increase. These investigations are discussed both for circular and elliptic type dipolar vortices. In this model an eigen mode dispersion relation is also obtained in the ballooning limit. This relation is also modi ed in the presence of non- Maxwellian ions. Electron AcousticWaves (EAW) are studied with non-Maxwellian hot electrons and stationary/non- stationary ions. In this investigation, both the linear and nonlinear propagation of EAW with stationary and non-stationary ions are discussed. It is noticed that the behavior of EAW is di erent for Kappa distributed hot electrons and Cairn''s distributed hot electrons. Superthermality e ect of electrons and ions on the dust charge uctuations and on the low frequency dust drift/acoustic waves is investigated in an inhomogeneous dusty plasma. It is noticed that this superthermality e ect of ions and electrons reduces the growth rate of the instability due to dust charge uctuations. It is found that dust charge and the superthermalty e ect of ion and electrons reduce the growth rate of instability. In the nonlinear regime, the condition for the existence of dust drift/ acoustic wave driven vortices modi es due to spectral index Kappa. Further, we have investigated the ITG driven solitons and shocks for the electron-ion plasmas for thest time. In this case, it is noticed that the amplitude of the soliton decreases and width of the soliton increases with the increase in ion temperature. In the case of dissipated electron- ion plasmas, the amplitude of the shock increases for with an increase in thei value.