معدنیات کی اہمیت و افادیت
تعارف(Introduction)
معدنی کا لفظ معدن سے ماخوذ ہے۔ فیروز اللغات میں معدن کے لغوی معنی درج ذیل ہیں:
"کان-کھان- وہ جگہ زمین کھود کر دھاتیں۔ کوئلہ وغیرہ نکالیں۔ (جمع) معادن۔ "[1]
معدنیات کے لغوی معنی "وہ چیزیں جو کان سے نکلیں۔ دھات۔ فلّزات۔ "[2] ہیں۔
معدنیات کو اہم قدرتی وسیلہ کہا جاتا ہے۔ پاکستان معدنیا ت سے مالا مال ملک ہے اس لئے وطن عزیز میں معدنیا ت کے امور طے کرنے کے لئے معدنیات کی وزارت قائم کی گئی ہے۔ معدنیات میں سونا، چاندی، لوہا، تانبا اور نمک وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ معدنیات کے ذخائر کسی بھی ملک کی ترقی و خوشحالی میں انتہائی مثبت کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ مسلم ممالک میں معدنی ذخائر کی بھرمار ہے لیکن ملت اسلامیہ کا المیہ یہ ہے کہ یہ ممالک جدید سائنس و ٹیکنالوجی میں مغربی ممالک کے ہم پلہ نہ ہونے کےباعث اپنے معدنی ذخائر کے اخراج کے لئے ان کے زیر تسلط ہیں۔ جدید ٹیکنالوجی سے لیس ہونا ملت اسلامیہ کے لئے ایک چیلنج کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔
علم معدنیات (Mineralogy)
انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف بریٹانیکا میں علم معدنیات کی تعریف یوں بیان کی گئی ہے:
“Mineralogy: scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of minerals , including their physical properties , chemical composition, internal crystal structure , occurrence and distribution in nature , and their origins in terms of the physicochemical conditions of formation.”[3]
علم معدنیات سے مراد ایسا سائنسی علم ہے جس میں معدنیات کے بارے میں تمام پہلوؤں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں معدنیات کےطبعی خواص، کیمیائی ساخت، اندرونی کرسٹل ڈھانچہ کی تشکیل وغیرہ کا احاطہ کیا جاتا ہے۔
انسائیکلوپیڈیڈک ڈکشنری آف...
The paper discusses in detail different ways how Islamand democracy can be reconciled and highlights the importance of democratic values for Muslim dominated societies, which is the need of modern times. It also discusses how Islam which stands for global peace and security and bound Muslims to be more responsible regarding the implementation of justice, peace and to stand for the fundamental humanitarian values which go in parallel with the concept of democratic principles. The paper also converses, the scenario in which the beautiful religion for entire humanity has been attempted to be hijacked by a radical mindset whichprevailed in every civilization ever existed.
This study was designed to examine the relationship of classroom learning environment and Teacher Interaction with secondary school students’ attitude towards the learning of English Language in context of Pakistan. Classroom environment is considered as one of the influential factor in enhancing learners’ achievement, attitude and learning process. The objectives of the study were to investigate secondary level students’ English language classroom learning environment, teachers’ interaction in English language classes and attitude towards learning of English language. Moreover, the relationship of classroom learning environment and teacher interaction with secondary level students’ attitude towards the learning of English on gender and locale was also established in the study. The study at hand was co relational and descriptive. For data collection survey method was used. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used for sample selection of the study. Stratification was based on three geographic zones of Punjab: Northern, Central and Southern Punjab. One district from each zone was selected randomly. The sample of the study was 930 students from 03 districts of the Punjab. Three instruments were used, first for Classroom learning environment, second for discovering Teacher Interaction in English language classes and third for finding out students’ attitude towards learning of English language. Data for this study were analyzed by using statistical operations through SPSS. T-test was used to calculate the significant difference between means of different categories of respondents like rural & urban, male and female. To investigate the possible relationship among the variables, Pearson correlation was used. Results of the study showed that male and female respondents reflected significant differences on English language classroom learning environment, teacher interaction and attitude towards English. It further revealed that female respondents were more favorable on their classroom learning environment, get more teachers’ support and interaction than male in their English language classes and had more positive attitude towards the learning of English. Significant positive correlation was found among classroom learning environment, Teacher Interaction and attitude towards the learning of English. Findings suggest that positive attitude in a foreign language class can be developed by making learning environment more favorable in shape of better pupil-teacher relationships and teacher support, involvement, cooperation and equity. It may help in developing attitude towards Adoption of English language learning attitude and enjoyment of English lessons in the classroom.