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Home > Foot Dimensions As a Tool for Gender Determination in Kenyan Adults

Foot Dimensions As a Tool for Gender Determination in Kenyan Adults

Thesis Info

Author

Waithaka, Maureen W.

Department

Pathology (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728053323

Similar


Introduction: Anthropometry has gained popularity over the years as a reliable method to determine gender. In forensic investigation, there are cases where gender cannot be readily determined using anatomy such as in mass casualty disasters with dismemberment and commingling of limbs. Kenyan descriptive data of foot dimensions is lacking as are formulae for estimating gender. Proven differences in foot dimensions across races prevent application of formula obtained using different populations necessitating generation of local data and formulae. Objectives: To describe the foot lengths, breaths and navicular heights of a representative adult Kenyan population, both male and female, and derive from these a formula to estimate gender. Material and Methods: Foot lengths, breadths and navicular heights were taken using callipers from a representative adult Kenyan population. These measurements were then subsequently used to derive a formula for determining gender by use of discriminant function analysis. Results: Mean foot lengths were 271.60 mm and 272.32 mm for men and 235.16 mm and 234.75 mm for women, right and left respectively. Mean foot breadths were 103.77 mm and 102.72 mm for men and for 88.67 mm and 88.69 mm women, right and left respectively. Foot navicular heights were 71.06 mm and 70.80 mm for men and 61.54 mm and 62.55 mm for women, right and left respectively. T-tests were used to compare these means across gender, all differences were statistically significant, p≤0.00001. A formula to estimate gender via discriminant function analysis was obtained. The formula correctly determined gender in 100% of the cases within this study. Conclusion: Formulae developed from foot dimensions can be used to predict gender in forensic investigations.
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باب چہارم: معدنی وسائل کا مطالعہ

معدنیات کی اہمیت و افادیت

تعارف(Introduction)

معدنی کا لفظ معدن سے ماخوذ ہے۔ فیروز اللغات میں معدن کے لغوی معنی درج ذیل ہیں:

"کان-کھان- وہ جگہ زمین کھود کر دھاتیں۔ کوئلہ وغیرہ نکالیں۔ (جمع) معادن۔ "[1]

معدنیات کے لغوی معنی "وہ چیزیں جو کان سے نکلیں۔ دھات۔ فلّزات۔ "[2] ہیں۔

معدنیات کو اہم قدرتی وسیلہ کہا جاتا ہے۔ پاکستان معدنیا ت سے مالا مال ملک ہے اس لئے وطن عزیز میں معدنیا ت کے امور طے کرنے کے لئے معدنیات کی وزارت قائم کی گئی ہے۔ معدنیات میں سونا، چاندی، لوہا، تانبا اور نمک وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ معدنیات کے ذخائر کسی بھی ملک کی ترقی و خوشحالی میں انتہائی مثبت کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ مسلم ممالک میں معدنی ذخائر کی بھرمار ہے لیکن ملت اسلامیہ کا المیہ یہ ہے کہ یہ ممالک جدید سائنس و ٹیکنالوجی میں مغربی ممالک کے ہم پلہ نہ ہونے کےباعث اپنے معدنی ذخائر کے اخراج کے لئے ان کے زیر تسلط ہیں۔ جدید ٹیکنالوجی سے لیس ہونا ملت اسلامیہ کے لئے ایک چیلنج کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔

علم معدنیات (Mineralogy)

انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف بریٹانیکا میں علم معدنیات کی تعریف یوں بیان کی گئی ہے:

“Mineralogy: scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of minerals , including their physical properties , chemical composition, internal crystal structure , occurrence and distribution in nature , and their origins in terms of the physicochemical conditions of formation.”[3]

علم معدنیات سے مراد ایسا سائنسی علم ہے جس میں معدنیات کے بارے میں تمام پہلوؤں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں معدنیات کےطبعی خواص، کیمیائی ساخت، اندرونی کرسٹل ڈھانچہ کی تشکیل وغیرہ کا احاطہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

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How Islam and Democracy are Reconcilable?

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Comparative Efficacy of Different Maize Zea Mays L . Genotypes for Acquistion and Utilization of Iron and Zinc under Saline Conditions

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