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Home > Immunohistochemical P21 Expression in Breast Cancer: Association With Patient and Tumour Characteristics

Immunohistochemical P21 Expression in Breast Cancer: Association With Patient and Tumour Characteristics

Thesis Info

Author

Njihia, Benjamin N.

Department

General Surgery (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728053684

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Introduction: Molecular characterisation of the breast cancer has allowed for targeted therapies that are improving outcomes. The gains achieved by these treatments have fuelled the search for other targets, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21. p21 expression in breast cancer has been shown to be variably associated with clinical and pathological parameters in different populations. It is possible that either methodological or biological differences underlie these variations. Objective: The current study sought to determine the association of p21 expression and clinico-pathological parameters in breast cancer patients at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: Clinically annotated tissue samples were obtained in a consecutive fashion. Specimen were immunohistochemically stained for p21 expression with clinicopathological data extracted for corresponding cases. p21 expression was assessed against age, parity, menopausal status, body mass index, hormonal receptor status, tumour size and grade. Distribution of mean p21 score was assessed for normality and data were analysed using Kruskall-Wallis test, chi-square and Fisher's exact test at an alpha level of 0.05. They were presented in form of tables, charts and photomicrographs. Results: Ninety-eight cases were included in the study. Mean age was 47.55 years with mean parity 2.96 live births. A slight majority of patients were pre-menopausal (56.3% versus 42.5%). Average body-mass index was 29.69 kilograms per square metre. Majority of patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (87.6%) that was moderate-to-high grade (92.7%), 2 centimetres or larger (95%), with lymphovascular invasion (70.4%), and vi hormone-receptor positive. Mean expression of p21 at 1:100 dilution was approximately 20% was statistically significant with tumour size. Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrate a possible association of p21 expression with tumour size. The demonstration of a trend towards p21 loss with increasing body mass index may benefit from exploration with a larger dataset.
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ہوئے جد دے یار بیگانے

ہوئے جد دے یار بیگانے
بنے دشمن کل زمانے

اساں ترس گئے یار ملن نوں
تیری کیوں نہیں ڈھکدی خانے

کتے پھلاں اتے تتلی
کتے شمع تے پروانے

عشق کیتا زور زلیخا
ونڈ دتے مال خزانے

گئے تارے منہ لکا کے
چن چڑھیا جد آسمانے

سنگ جس دی عمراں گزری
اجے غیر ہیں اس دے بھانے

کرو رحمت یا محمدؐ
تیرے امتی سب دیوانے

بھانویں ہائی زلیخا جھوٹی
گئے یوسف بندی خانے

کیوں نیوں اجیہا لایا
مینوں دنیا دیندی طعنے

کئی بے گناہ وچ جیلاں
کئی بے گناہ وچ تھانے

اوہدی پلکاں وانگر سوئیاں
جیویں چڑھیا تیر کمانے

اوہ بے پرواہ کہاوے
جیہڑا مالک کل جہانے

فلسفہ نماز اور مکافات عمل

Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.

Studies on Gamma Irradiation Effects on Germination, Growth, Fodder Yield, Proximate Analysis and Genetic Diversity of Sudan Grass Sorghum Vulgare Var. Sudanese

Present studies were carried out at Rangeland Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad and Quaid-i-Azam university, Islamabad during 2001-2011. Dry seeds of Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var, Sudanese) were subjected to ten acute irradiation treatments ranging from 0 to 45 kR with 5 kR intervals at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. Overall germination percentage decreased with increase in the doses of gamma irradiation. Seedling height decreased significantly (p≤0.05) on 4 th and 11 th day of sowing with increasing treatments of gamma irradiation. Similarly root length and root shoot ratio on 4 th day of sowing under lab conditions also depicted significantly (p≤0.01) decreasing effect with an increase in dose rate of treatments. Data regarding plant height and leaf area showed significantly (p≤0.05) increasing effect with an increase in dose rate of treatments under field condition in M-1 generation. Average tiller plant -1 increased significantly (p≤0.01) with the increase of doses in M-1 generation under field condition. Tillers showed a significantly (p≤0.05) increasing effect with increasing treatments in M- 2 generation. Data regarding green matter weight -1 and dry matter weight -1 showed significantly (p≤0.01) increasing effect with highest dose rate of gamma irradiation in M- 3 generation. Data regarding immature flowering percentage also showed increasing effect significantly (p≤0.05) which is a positive sign to prolong its life span till start of winter season which is a lean period for livestock grazing feed under natural conditions. Overall growth rates improved by gamma irradiation treatments in M-4 generation and M-5 generations. On the basis of these results high yielding mutants in Sudan grass may be developed. Data reading proximate analysis showed insignificant differences in all traits studied in M-1 generation of Sudan grass under field condition. Data regarding effect of irradiation on HCN concentration showed significant (p≤0.01) decreasing effect in red and blue color intensity. While insignificant decreasing effect in green color xiintensity which is a positive sign to reduce HCN concentration in Sudan grass and other sorghum species used as a fodder crop. There is much hope to develop HCN free mutants in these crops through irradiation in future. Data regarding SDS-PAGE analysis and RAPD technique showed great variability in genetic diversity as a result of gamma irradiation on Sudan grass under study in M-1 and M-2 generations. Further research is needed to improve the crop and develop such mutants by gamma irradiation in future.