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Immunophenotyping of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi

Thesis Info

Author

Evelyne N. M. Babu

Department

Pathology (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728053887

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Objective: To characterize the immunophenotypic features of CLL/SLL among patients diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Background: Cancer is a growing health burden worldwide. Rising to this challenge will require improved diagnostic services. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is common in elderly patients. Early laboratory criteria for diagnosis only required demonstration of persistent lymphocytosis and morphological evaluation. The current international standard in diagnosis however, incorporates findings of immunophenotyping. Facilities for immunophenotyping have generally been unavailable in Kenya. The Royal Marsden Hospital criteria (RMH) provide a scoring system that enables CLL/SLL to be distinguished from other mature B cell disorders. Method: A laboratory based cross sectional survey conducted from August 2011 to April 2012. A census of eligible cases was conducted. Potential cases were identified based on the French-American-British (FAB) morphologic criteria for CLL. Consecutive samples were obtained and subjected to 3 colour immunophenotyping on a Beckman Coulter Cytomics FC 500 cytometer. A limited panel of antibodies was used. These included CD5, CD19, CD22, CD23, FMC7, kappa and lambda. CLL/SLL was defined using the RMH scoring system. The baseline clinical and diagnostic data were also obtained. Results: Forty nine cases met the eligibility criteria. Thirty one were known CLL cases and 18 were newly diagnosed. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years (range 45-95 years). Male: Female ratio was 1.3:1. Black patients were more likely to present with high risk disease (Rai stages III-IV) and with higher lymphocyte counts than non-blacks at diagnosis. 26.5% presented in Rai stage 0. The prevalence of CD5/CD23 co-expression in cases defined as CLL was found to be 95.9%. CD5 was universally expressed whereas CD23 was present in all but 2 cases. Both were associated with atypical morphology. Complete absence of light chain expression using a monoclonal antibody was found in 12.2% of cases. Five patients had their diagnosis revised. Of 30 patients on follow-up for CLL, only 1 in 6 had had any form of immunophenotyping done. Conclusion: Immunophenotyping is diagnostically productive and should be part of the diagnostic workup when a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder is suspected.
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اِس میں تیراقصور بھی کیا ہے

اِس میں تیرا قصور بھی کیا ہے
مجھ کو تجھ سے پیار ہُوا ہے

خود ہی اپنا بُرا کیا ہے
تجھ کو کب الزام دیا ہے

تجھ کو کوئی افسوس نہیں کیا
میں نے خود کو مار لیا ہے

چاند کو جب بھی دیکھتا ہوں میں
دھیان میں پھر تُو آجاتا ہے

تیور تیرے بدلے بدلے
جانے تُو کیا سوچ رہا ہے

موم کی مورت ، چاند سی صورت
جانے دل کیوں پتھر سا ہے

تیری مجبوری سمجھی ہے
شکوہ تجھ سے کس نے کیا ہے

تیری ساری باتیں سچی
میں نے ہی سب جھوٹ کہا ہے

ہجر کا درد اُٹھا کر کوئی
گور کنارے اب پہنچا ہے

Analisis Strategi Bisnis Sosial Media TikTok Shop pada Masyakarat Milenial Pekanbaru

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Constructivist Approach to Development of Criteria for Selection of Contents for Teaching English in Secondary School Class Ix-X

The study was conducted to investigate the opinion of the parents (Class IX & X students), English teachers, students of secondary classes and experts in curriculum field about the purpose of studying English and selection of contents accordingly. In addition the experts in curriculum field were also consulted on the procedures and processes used at present for selection of content. The focus was on four major areas i.e. social forces in society /community values and purposes, knowledge and its treatment, the nature of learning and the learner and human growth and development that are fundamental to any curriculum. Content and construct reliability and validity of the questionnaires were ensured through pre-testing as well as by obtaining experts opinion. For data collection a sample of 1000 English teachers, 2000 students, 2000 parents and 50 curriculum experts from all the four provinces and the federal capital was selected by adopting multi-stage random sampling procedure. It was ensured that the sample represents the population from rural and urban areas, Urdu and English mediums and public and private schools for both male and female in the right proportion. The key conclusions based on the descriptive and statistical evidences indicated that the people of Pakistan attach great importance to values and purposes related to religious teachings and want to promote these through schooling. It also revealed that the people are very keen to learn English as it is the language of knowledge and higher learning in all fields. The findings of the study indicated that in the present textbooks of English speaking is least emphasized as compared to other skills. The findings of the study also gave a fairly good idea of themes and sub-themes that the majority of population wants to include as content of English for classes IX–X. Based on statistical analysis of the data, criteria for selection of contents for teaching English in Secondary Schools has been developed and weightage suggested for each which have been validated by the Textbook Boards and Curriculum Bureaus in the country.