شیخ ابن تیمیہ کےاصولی تفردات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Teymiyah’s Usooli Distinctions

The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.

Screening Potato Cultivars for Sugar Accumulation in Response to Cold Storage and Their Mitigation Through Reconditioning

Potato processing industry is rising globally and increasing fast food demand of consumers exerts pressure on researchers to identify suitable potato cultivars for processing into chips and fries. Low sugar contents and light frying color are the principal traits to be observed for good chipping performance of potatoes. In potato industry, determination of sugar contents is particularly important as presence of high levels of sugars causes non enzymatic browning or Maillard reaction after frying of potato chips at high temperature. The current study was designed to screen out and assess the chipping potential of indigenous potato cultivars namely, Lady Rosetta, Santé. Hermes, Crozo, Kuroda and Asterix for sugar accumulation during storage at 3, 7 and 11ºC for 160 days (Phase I). The second phase was aimed to estimate the sugar reversion by applying reconditioning treatment at higher temperatures of 15, 20 and 25ºC for a short period of 30 days. All the physicochemical (specific gravity, dry matter, total starch ascorbic acid, sprouting, weight loss, hardness/firmness,) and biochemical analyses such as sugar contents (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and invertase enzyme activity were carried out at a regular interval of storage days. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was adopted for the quantification of sugars whereas the associated invertase activity appraised by spectrophotometrically. Considering the result of first phase; the correlation matrix for physicochemical and biochemical analyses revealed that specific gravity, dry matter content, percent weight loss and sprouting rate were positively correlated to sugar contents and invertase activity while negatively correlated to total starch, ascorbic acid and tuber’s hardness/firmness. Over the storage, gradual increase in sugar contents was observed during phase I, in which the maximum sugar accumulation was exhibited by tubers stored at 3ºC in contrast to 7 and 11ºC. Cold induced sweetening (CIS) under the influence of invertase activity was recorded highest in cultivar Kuroda, following the Santé, Asterix, Crozo, Hermes and Lady Rosetta. High temperature exposure to the stored tubers or reconditioning treatment for short time (Phase II) resulted in reversion of accumulated sugars to starch. The maximum reversion of sugars was attained at 20ºC as compared to 15 and 25ºC after 30th day of reconditioning. All the cultivars showed significant results for glucose, fructose and sucrose contents after reconditioning treatment such as Lady Rosetta (43.23, 38.33, 49.21 mg/100g), Hermes (48.97, 43.23, 39.23 mg/100g), Crozo (51.94, 46.72, 41.74 mg/100g), Santé (54.41, 51.37, 83.31mg/100g), Asterix (59.53, 62.11, 47.52 mg/100g) and Kuroda (86.93, 81.96, 51.21 mg/100g), respectively. The pattern of chips color was assessed and scored by using nine-point Hedonic scale after both phases. Consequently, significant variability (P < 0.05) in sugar contents and frying color was found among all cultivars, whereas Lady Rosetta with golden yellow chips color, Hermes having slightly yellow color and Crozo with yellow color were the most suitable cultivars for chips preparation after reconditioning. The outcomes of current study indicated that reconditioning at higher temperatures for short time resulted in a strong and diverse effect on starch sugar interconversion during storage. More importantly, these results proposed that reconditioning treatment of stored tubers could reduce CIS depending on the nature and type of the cultivar along with the applied storage conditions.