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Home > Patterns of Fatal Gunshot Injuries in Nairobi: A Prospective Forensic Study

Patterns of Fatal Gunshot Injuries in Nairobi: A Prospective Forensic Study

Thesis Info

Author

Nzioka, Ancent K.

Department

Pathology (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728057401

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Introduction: Gunshot injuries are one of the leading causes of fatal and non fatal injury in many countries (1) .All over the world, injury studies show an increasing preference for the gun as the weapon of choice for homicides and suicides (2).Firearms are more lethal compared to other portable and concealable weapons (2). Gunshot injuries impact severely on the criminal justice as well as health care systems (3, 4). There is no available published statistics on fatal gunshot injuries inKenya. Some basic statistics are important in understanding the magnitude and severity of the socio-economic burden caused by gunshot injuries. Objective: To determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries inNairobi. Methods: A cross sectional prospective autopsy based study carried out between 1st June 2009 and 30th November 2009 at theNairobi city mortuary and at the medico legal unit, Ministry of Health – Government of Kenya. Consecutive postmortems were conducted to determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries on all victims of fatal gunshot injuries seen withinNairobi. Data was entered into SPSS database and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results: One hundred and ninety four (194) fatal gun shot cases were consecutively sampled over a period of 6 months. Majority of the victims (65%) were in the 21 – 30 years age bracket with the youngest victim being 16 years old and the oldest victim being 75 years old. Males were the main victims comprising 99% of the fatalities. Criminals constituted 75.2% of the victims while Civilians constituted 17% and police officers 3.1 %.Most of the victims were shot by police officers (76.8%) while criminals executed 14.4% of the victims. Most of the bodies (63.4%) had more than 1 gunshot entry wound with one of the bodies having 14 gunshot entry wounds. Majority (51%) of the bodies had gunshot entry wounds over multiple anatomic sites with the head and chest as the main targets. 80.4% of the gunshot entry wounds were estimated to have been of medium range of firing. The reconstructed direction of firing showed that 36.1% of the bodies had a front to back direction of firing. 47.4% of the bodies had multiple vital organ injuries with the brain the single most injured organ (31.4%). The manner of death was mainly homicidal (99.0%) while suicidal and accidental each constituted 0.5% of the cases. Head and chest injury were the major causes of death constituting 54.6 %. Conclusion: There was a
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بجلی کے بحران پہ کیسے قابو پایا جا سکتا ہے

بجلی کے بحران پر قابو کیسے پایا جاسکتا ہے
نہ چھوڑیں واپڈا والے اگر بجلی تو کیا غم ہے
’’یدِ بیضا لیے بیٹھے ہیں اپنی آستینوں میں‘‘
انسان گھر میں موجود ہے۔ گھر کا سارا نظام اس کی سر پرستی میں بحسن وخوبی رواں دواں ہے۔ دریں اثناء گھر کے آنگن میں خفتہ شیر خوار بچہ آواز کے ساتھ رورہا ہے اور اس کے رونے کی وجہ کوئی بیماری نہیں، کوئی اور خار جی عمل نہیں صرف اور صرف لوڈ شیڈنگ کے سبب شدت حرارت ہے جس نے معصوم کی نیند حرام کر دی ہے، اس کی اس بے چینی نے والدین کے قویٰ کومضمحل کر دیا ہے اور پورے گھر میں ایک بحران کی سی کیفیت ہوگئی ہے۔ اور اس قسم کے بحران صرف کسی خاص علاقے میں نہیں ہیں بلکہ ملک کی کثیر آبادی اس سے متاثر ہے۔
برقی رو کی کمی یا قلت سے ہر ایک متاثر ہوتا ہے۔ لائبریری میں کوئی پرسکون فضاء میں محو مطالعہ کتب ہو، یا ظرف ہائے طعام اُٹھائے موجود غلام گردش ہو، کوئی کوچہ بازار میں موجود ہو، یا کوئی گھر کی بالکونی میں قیام پذیر ہو، کوئی صنعتکاری کے میدان سے مربوط ہو، یا کوئی زراعت و کاشتکاری کے میدان سے وابستہ سب کے سب بجلی سے نبردآزما ہیں۔
اس بحران پر قابو پانے کے لیے اقلیم عقل و خرد کی فرمانروائی کے ساتھ نصرت الٰہی کا طلبگار ہونا ہو گا۔ اس مہیب سائے کواجالے میں بدلنے کے لیے ابتدائی طور پر کاشانۂ خویش کو سامنے رکھنا ہو گا۔ اصراف وتبذیر جیسی خصائل قبیحہ سے کنار کشی اختیار کرنی ہوگی ،کفایت شعاری جیسی خصلت صالحہ کو اوڑھنا بچھونا ہوگا۔ اگر ایک شخص فضول خرچی جیسی لعنت سے چھٹکارا حاصل نہ کرے اور دن رات اسی عادت سے وابستہ رہے تووہ بھی اپنے مقصد میں کامیاب نہیں ہو...

برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کے مناہج و دبستان اور نمائندہ شخصیات کی علمی تراث کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.

Inter-Accession Variation for Salt Tolerance in Proso Millet Panicum Miliaceum L.

Exploration of genetic variation in natural population with subsequent selection for improved salt tolerance is an excellent strategy to utilize salt affected soils. In order to assess inter-accesional variation for salt tolerance in Panicum miliaceum L., 18 local accessions were screened at germination, seedling (0, 60, 120 and 180 mM NaCl)and adult stage by growing at varying levels of NaCl. In a set of 18 accessions of Panicum miliaceum accessions 008208, 008210 and 008215 were tolerant and accession 008216 salt sensitive at both these initial growth stages, while accession 008230 was tolerant at germination stage but intermediate at the seedling stage. Although the degree of salt tolerance in some accessions of P. miliaceum maintained at two early growth stages, it varied in most of the accessions at both initial growth stages. Moreover, none out of 18 available accessions of P. miliaceum was able to maintain the degree of salt tolerance consistently at all growth stages, i.e. germination, seedling and adult vegetative growth stages. Net CO 2 assimilation rate (A) was positively correlated with salt tolerance in terms of growth and yield. From the data for gas exchange attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion accumulation it is suggested that lower transpiration rate (E) and higher water use efficiency (WUE measured as A/E) in salt tolerant P. miliaceum accessions seems to be responsible for lower rates of uptake and accumulation of Na + in photosynthetic tissues that resulted in higher photosynthetic efficiency and hence salt tolerance. Moreover, from the data for correlations among each of A, g s , C i and E in P. miliaceum accessions it is suggested that salt-induced decline in photosynthetic efficiencywas found to be associated partially with stomatal factors. Generally, P. miliaceum accessions having better plant water status and lower Na + accumulation had lower oxidative damage and higher photosynthetic capacity. It was suggested that extent of Na + accumulation in the leaves determine the activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic capacity, indicating that ROS detoxification is only one of the important components salt-stress tolerance. Taken overall, considerable intra-specific variation for salt tolerance was observed in P. miliaceum accessions. Reduction in growth and grain yield of all accessions were due to high accumulation of Na + and Cl - , low RWC, and low photosynthetic rate. Of these physiological attributes, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll ‘a’, Na + exclusion and K + /Na + ratio were considered as potential physiological indicators for salt tolerance in P. miliaceum can be used in breeding programs meant for improving salt tolerance