برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کے مناہج و دبستان اور نمائندہ شخصیات کی علمی تراث کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.

Inter-Accession Variation for Salt Tolerance in Proso Millet Panicum Miliaceum L.

Exploration of genetic variation in natural population with subsequent selection for improved salt tolerance is an excellent strategy to utilize salt affected soils. In order to assess inter-accesional variation for salt tolerance in Panicum miliaceum L., 18 local accessions were screened at germination, seedling (0, 60, 120 and 180 mM NaCl)and adult stage by growing at varying levels of NaCl. In a set of 18 accessions of Panicum miliaceum accessions 008208, 008210 and 008215 were tolerant and accession 008216 salt sensitive at both these initial growth stages, while accession 008230 was tolerant at germination stage but intermediate at the seedling stage. Although the degree of salt tolerance in some accessions of P. miliaceum maintained at two early growth stages, it varied in most of the accessions at both initial growth stages. Moreover, none out of 18 available accessions of P. miliaceum was able to maintain the degree of salt tolerance consistently at all growth stages, i.e. germination, seedling and adult vegetative growth stages. Net CO 2 assimilation rate (A) was positively correlated with salt tolerance in terms of growth and yield. From the data for gas exchange attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion accumulation it is suggested that lower transpiration rate (E) and higher water use efficiency (WUE measured as A/E) in salt tolerant P. miliaceum accessions seems to be responsible for lower rates of uptake and accumulation of Na + in photosynthetic tissues that resulted in higher photosynthetic efficiency and hence salt tolerance. Moreover, from the data for correlations among each of A, g s , C i and E in P. miliaceum accessions it is suggested that salt-induced decline in photosynthetic efficiencywas found to be associated partially with stomatal factors. Generally, P. miliaceum accessions having better plant water status and lower Na + accumulation had lower oxidative damage and higher photosynthetic capacity. It was suggested that extent of Na + accumulation in the leaves determine the activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic capacity, indicating that ROS detoxification is only one of the important components salt-stress tolerance. Taken overall, considerable intra-specific variation for salt tolerance was observed in P. miliaceum accessions. Reduction in growth and grain yield of all accessions were due to high accumulation of Na + and Cl - , low RWC, and low photosynthetic rate. Of these physiological attributes, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll ‘a’, Na + exclusion and K + /Na + ratio were considered as potential physiological indicators for salt tolerance in P. miliaceum can be used in breeding programs meant for improving salt tolerance