گلوبلائزیشن: تعارف, محركات اور مقاصد

The humanity witnesses a strange international phenomenon called the Globalization which endeavors to make an intellectual unification in the sphere of norms — education, social, economic and politics. 77m carries a strong challenge for the Muslim societies across the world. Through a focus on the educational, cultural, economical and politiiclal spheres and to employ the devices of communication — media and the internet. The world has shrunk into a small village which is diminishing the geographical, historical, political and educational boundaries. The world is undergoing the transition in materialistic and educational values and principles which are not accorded as per the Islamic values. Through media and interactive modes of communication. Hence, it becomes necessary to examine all aspects of this subject to be on a firm position of this transformation to preserve and safeguard our Muslim identity. In this context, the concept of globalization by Muslim and western scholars and its impact on globalization are discussed along with some proposals in order to cope with the negative effects of globalization in the Muslim societies.

Evaluation of Behavioral, Physiological and Productive Responses of Dairy Animals under Strategic Management During Hot Dry and Hot Humid Summer

Heat stress is a concern for all livestock production systems. Prolonged periods of thermal stress have significantly negative impact on production and health due to reduced dry matter intake. Nili-Ravi buffaloe and Sahiwal cattle are well adapted to tropical hot and humid climates, but at high temperatures prolonged exposure can add to several changes in biological functions that affect thermoregulation. Keeping in view, the geographical position of Pakistan, four ambient management studies (two each in buffaloe and cattle) were conducted on fifteen Nili Ravi buffaloes and fifteen Sahiwal cattle to devise the strategic management system applicable during varying environmental conditions to achieve best physiological, behavioral and productive responses in dairy animals. The dairy animals of approximately same age, weight, production and parity (third) were randomly allocated to three treatments: 1) provision of only roof shade, named as S, 2) provision of fans along with roof shade, named as SF, and 3) provision of roof shade, fans and sprinklers, named as SFS under Completely Randomized Design. The dairy animals were kept in separate sheds under tied sloped floor system and fed twice a day (at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm) on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet. DMI, water intake, milk production, rectal temperature, respiration rate, pulse rate and total time spent in eating, ruminating, standing and lying were recorded at different intervals. Mean daily milk production in Nili Ravi buffaloes was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in cooled animals compared to heat stressed animals. Water intake was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in SFS than SF treatment. Physiological responses (respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, and skin temperature) were significantly (p≤0.01) lower in SFS than control treatment. The behavioral responses (time spent in drinking, ruminating and locomotion) were significantly (p≤0.01) increased in SFS compared to S treatment during hot dry and hot humid summer months. The effect of different ambient management strategies in lactating Sahiwal cattle showed significant improved dry matter intake and decreased water intake. Significant (p≤0.01) low skin temperature, respiration rate and skin temperature were found in cooled cows than heat stressed cows. The behavioral responses (time spent in feeding, ruminating, lying and rumination) were found significantly increased than heat stressed cow during hot dry and hot humid summer. Overall better results were observed in fan assisted ventilation treatment during hot dry summer and it is better option to improve milk production efficiency, milk constituents, comfort and behavioral responses, whereas, the goals of improved milk production, physiological and behavioral performance in lactating Sahiwal cows during hot humid season can be achieved though provision of sprinkler alongwith fan assisted ventilation in the sheds. It is therefore recommended that the Nili-Ravi buffaloes and Sahiwal cows should be at least maintained with the combined facility of fan assisted ventilation and sprinklers in the sheds during hot dry and hot humid season to optimize the productive, physiological and behavioral performance under sub-tropical conditions of Pakistan. Precise studies are further suggested to explore the cost effective use of fan assisted ventilation, sprinklers and also wallowing in buffaloes.