Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life is the ideal form of infant feeding. Health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding to infant and mother are well documented in literature. Despite this, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of infants‘ life in Kenya remains low. National nutrition strategy for maternal, infant and young child has set its 2017 target for exclusive breastfeeding at 80% from 32%. To achieve this target, new strategies are needed to complement current exclusive breastfeeding initiatives. Application of theory of planned behaviour model was used to determine the psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding and also to identify modifiable and inexpensive interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the modifiable psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of maternal demographic characteristics on exclusive breastfeeding attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control scores. Study design: This was a prospective cohort study to determine psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding using theory of planned behaviour. The study was conducted from October 2013 to March 2014. Methods: The study was undertaken at the antenatal clinic in Pumwani Maternity Hospital. It included all pregnant women who were ≥18years, at ≥ 36 weeks gestation and attending Pumwani Maternity Hospital antenatal clinic. A quantitative theory of planned behaviour based questionnaire was used to collect data from the women who fit the inclusion criteria at baseline after they had signed a written consent. Aggregate scores for each of the exposure categories were compiled to determine whether the women had positive or negative attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Those with score above zero were considered to have positive psychosocial scores and those with scores below zero were considered to have negative psychosocial scores. Study women were followed up by a telephone interview at two and four months to determine whether they were exclusively breastfeeding or using mixed feeds for their newborns. A second household member was contacted to verify the mothers report. Results: A total of 200 women were recruited to the study at baseline. Mothers included in the final analysis were 180 while 20 were lost to follow up. Proportion of mothers exclusively breastfeeding at four months was 45.6% (95%CI 38.4-52.9). Psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding were maternal attitude and perceived behavioural control over exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who had positive
مت پوچھ کہ ہم کیسی بلاؤں میں گھرے ہیں بے یارو مدد گار تیرے چاہنے والے جینے کا ہمیں حق ہے نہ مرنے کی اجازت آنکھوں میں کوئی خواب نہ دل میں کوئی خواہش سینچا ہے لہو دے کے سدا لالہ و گل کو حسرت ، کبھی نفرت ، کبھی غربت ہمیں بخشی افلاس و فلاکت کی چلی آندھیاں ہر سو اے میرے خدا کیوں یہ میرے دیس کے باسی سچ ، سوچ ، قدم اور قلم محدود ہیں اپنے ہوتے ہی نہیں پست کبھی حوصلے میرے لوٹے نہ میرے صاحب اس شہرِ فسوں جا کر آیا نہ خیال ان کو میری صحرا گری کا یکسر نہیں میرا ، تو رقیبوں کو مبارک کیا پوچھتے ہو حالِ دلِ زار ہمارا کس موڑ پہ لے آیا یہ عشق ہمیں فرحتؔ
خوابوں سے جو نکلے تو صداؤں میں گھرے ہیں صحراؤں کی جاں سوز ہواؤں میں گھرے ہیں ہم اہلِ وفا کیسی سزاؤں میں گھرے ہیں ہم زیست کی بے رنگ خلاؤں میں گھرے ہیں کیوں اہلِ چمن پھر بھی خزاؤں میں گھرے ہیں ہم لوگ مقدر کی عطاؤں میں گھرے ہیں کیوں اہلِ وطن اتنی وباؤں میں گھرے ہیں ڈر خوف کی محبوس فضاؤں میں گھرے ہیں ہم اہلِ سخن ایسے خداؤں میں گھرے ہیں شاید کسی اپنے کی دُعاؤں میں گھرے ہیں کسی دلرُبا کی دلکش اداؤں میں گھرے ہیں کس زُلفِ گرہ گیر کی چھاؤں میں گھرے ہیں ہم اہلِ طلب اب کہ اناؤں میں گھرے ہیں اک یار بے وفا کی جفاؤں میں گھرے ہیں دُکھ درد کی گھنگھور گھٹاؤں میں گھرے ہیں
Christianity is the top most practiced religion on earth and has over a billion followers across the nations. It is therefore a very important topic of interest in the field of comparative religious studies. To understand the ideology of this religion, it is very important to get familiarize with the name, introduction to its believes, the important scriptures and references. This article encompasses the Introduction of: Christianity, Canonical Gospels and 3. Basic believes/ belief system of Christianity
Coprecipitation method was used to prepare pure and doped CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Ferric and cobalt salts were used as precursors while oleic acid was used as surfactant. X- ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis confirmed single phase of nanoparticles with particle size ~20 nm. Electron transport in CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles was investigated using impedance spectroscopy from 300 K to 400 K over wide frequency range (20 Hz - 2 MHz). Impedance spectroscopy of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles revealed a semiconductor to metal transition at ~330 K. The semiconductor to metal transition was attributed to existence of mixed valance states of Fe cations, reverse cation distribution among octahedral and tetrahedral sites and various types of interactions between these cations. Variation of exponent “s” with temperature suggested that overlapping large polaron tunneling was the dominant conduction mechanism in cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The Mössbauer spectroscopy demonstrated the mixed inverse spinel structure of the CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis was carried out to study the oxidation states and environment of Fe and Co cations. Electrical properties of Sn 2+ and La 3+ doped CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were studied in detail. The change in dielectric constant and ac conductivity of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were observed with dopant concentration. The temperature induced delocalization of charge carriers and metallic phase in Co 0.6 Sn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles was explained using M(H) loops and impedance spectroscopy. Metallic nature of Co 0.6 Sn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles above 360 K was attributed to dominancy of delocalized charge carriers Fe 3+ –Fe 2+ /Co 3+ – Co 2+ interactions over localized charge carriers Fe 3+ –O 2− –Fe 3+ /Co 2+ –O 2− –Co 2+ interactions. This was suggested that the wasp - waist magnetic hysteresis loop was due to simultaneous existence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic domains in the system. The M(H) loops of Co 0.6 Sn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles indicated that at lower temperatures the superexchange interaction was dominant as compared to double exchange interaction while at higher temperatures double exchange interaction becomes more strong. The open M(H) loops of Co 0.6 Sn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles indicated the absence of magnetic saturation. The temperature dependent electrical behavior of the grain boundaries was reported and discussed in terms of depletion space-charge layer in the vicinity of grain boundaries.