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Psychosocial Factors Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Pregnant Women on Follow Up in a Tertiary Maternity Hospital

Thesis Info

Author

Ochola, Cornelia Akinyi

Department

Paediatrics and Child Health (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728064961

Similar


Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life is the ideal form of infant feeding. Health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding to infant and mother are well documented in literature. Despite this, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of infants‘ life in Kenya remains low. National nutrition strategy for maternal, infant and young child has set its 2017 target for exclusive breastfeeding at 80% from 32%. To achieve this target, new strategies are needed to complement current exclusive breastfeeding initiatives. Application of theory of planned behaviour model was used to determine the psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding and also to identify modifiable and inexpensive interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the modifiable psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of maternal demographic characteristics on exclusive breastfeeding attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control scores. Study design: This was a prospective cohort study to determine psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding using theory of planned behaviour. The study was conducted from October 2013 to March 2014. Methods: The study was undertaken at the antenatal clinic in Pumwani Maternity Hospital. It included all pregnant women who were ≥18years, at ≥ 36 weeks gestation and attending Pumwani Maternity Hospital antenatal clinic. A quantitative theory of planned behaviour based questionnaire was used to collect data from the women who fit the inclusion criteria at baseline after they had signed a written consent. Aggregate scores for each of the exposure categories were compiled to determine whether the women had positive or negative attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Those with score above zero were considered to have positive psychosocial scores and those with scores below zero were considered to have negative psychosocial scores. Study women were followed up by a telephone interview at two and four months to determine whether they were exclusively breastfeeding or using mixed feeds for their newborns. A second household member was contacted to verify the mothers report. Results: A total of 200 women were recruited to the study at baseline. Mothers included in the final analysis were 180 while 20 were lost to follow up. Proportion of mothers exclusively breastfeeding at four months was 45.6% (95%CI 38.4-52.9). Psychosocial factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding were maternal attitude and perceived behavioural control over exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who had positive
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اُردو شاعری کی روایت

عصر حاضر کے ادبی افق پر ڈاکٹر نصیر اسد تحقیق و تنقید کا ایک روشن ستارا ہے۔
انہوں نے سیالکوٹ میں '' اردو شاعری کی روایت '' کے حوالے سے نہایت عمدہ اور شاندار تحقیقی و تنقیدی کام کیا ہے، ڈاکٹر نصیر اسد نے خطۂ سیالکوٹ کی شعری تواریخ کو نہایت عمدہ طریقے سے محفوظ کیا ہے۔
سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری کی روایت بہت قدیم ہَے۔ اورنگزیب عالمگیر کے دور میں سیالکوٹ کا پہلا اردو شاعر محمد خان وامق بہت مشہور ہوا، جس کا تذکرہ سیالکوٹ کی ادبی تواریخ میں کثرت سے ملتا ہے اور معروف محقق رشید نیاز اور محمد الدین فوق نے اپنی کتب ''تاریخ سیالکوٹ '' میں محمد خان وامق کا ذکر بھی کیا ہے۔
اس کے علاوہ ڈاکٹر نصیر اسد نے بھی انہیں سیالکوٹ کے پہلے اردو شاعر کے طور پر اپنی تصنیف کا حصہ بنایا ہے، ڈاکٹر نصیر اسد کی اس تصنیف میں محمد خان وامق سے لے کر حضرت علامہ محمد اقبال تک کا ایک بھرپور شعری دور ہمارے سامنے آتا ہے۔
اگر ہم تاریخی حوالے سے دیکھیں تو سیالکوٹ میں اٹھارویں انیسویں اور بیسویں صدی میں شاندار شعری نمونے اردو ادب کی تاریخ کا حصہ بنے ہیں، حضرت علامہ محمد اقبال کے بعد شاعروں کی ایک بہت بڑی کھیپ ہمارے سامنے آتی ہے جن میں شجر طہرانی صاحب ایک اہم حوالہ ہے، سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری کا یہ سلسلہ آغاز سے لے کر معروف ترقی پسند شاعر فیض احمد فیض سے ہوتا ہوا عصر حاضر کے نامور شاعروں تک ایک خاص تسلسل سے پہنچتا ہے،
اس تحقیقی و تنقیدی کتاب کے مصنف ڈاکٹر نصیر اسد نے سیالکوٹ کے شاعروں کا نہ صرف تفصیلی تعارف پیش کیا ہے بلکہ ان کا نمونہ کلام بھی اپنی اس تصنیف میں شامل کیا ہے اور ان کی یہ کتاب یقینا اردو زبان کے...

Perception of Working Mothers on Child Development: A Qualitative Study from Pakistan

The inclusion of women in the workforce is imperative for the advancement of every country in the world. In Pakistan the role of women is undergoing dynamic transformation which can have considerable influence on the mother-child relationship and child development. This research attempts to understand the influence of out-of-home maternal employment on the development of child, as perceived by mothers. The study is qualitative in nature using snowball sampling. A total of six working mothers were interviewed from Lahore, Pakistan. Thematic analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The following themes were identified: (i) Child Neglect; (ii) Strained Child-Parent Relationship; (iii) Child Aggression; (iv) Low Academic Achievement; and (v) Independence and Sense of Responsibility. The study concludes that working mothers need family and employer support to ensure child development in Pakistan. Some of the key reforms that are needed include respect for women’s triple role in society and employment benefits for working mothers.

Numerical Solution of Incompressible Viscous Flow Problems Using High-Order Schemes

Numerical Solution of Incompressible Viscous Flow Problems Using High-order Schemes Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations that describe incompressible viscous fluids has been a very active research field due to the rapid development of computational techniques and availability of high speed computers. It has motivated a very large number of researchers whose work provide an invaluable source of solution methods and test problems. Numerous computational methods have been developed and are in used today for steady and time-accurate computation of these equations. The motivation of this thesis is also a desire to develop an efficient, accurate and simple method for the numerical solution of incompressible viscous flow problems in primitive variables. For this purpose, a numerical method based on high-order compact finite difference schemes is developed in conjunction with the well-known artificial compressibility approach for solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. By adding pseudo time derivative terms to each equation, the coupled system becomes hyperbolic in time and the artificial compressibility method becomes applicable. We have also focused on the extension of the method for simulating two-phase flow by coupling phase-field model to the incompressible Navier-Stokes solver. This research work is divided into three steps in which each step focuses on an aspect of the development of a numerical method. In the first step, a third-order upwind compact finite difference scheme based on the fluxdifference splitting is developed and implemented with the implicit Beam-Warming approximate factorization scheme for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The upwind compact scheme for the convective terms is preferred because of its high resolving efficiency with less numerical dissipation and truncation errors. The numerical scheme is applied to compute the flow inside the two sided lid driven cavity flow and compared with the finite difference alternating direction implicit scheme. In the second step, we implemented higher-order central compact finite difference scheme along with filtering procedure for steady and unsteady incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. The central compact scheme is also implemented under the framework of the artificial compressibility method in which convective terms of the governing x equations are approximated by using the high-order central compact schemes with filtering procedure and the viscous terms are discretized with a sixth-order central compact finite difference scheme. Dual-time stepping technique is employed for unsteady solutions at each physical time step. Computational efficiency and accuracy of the method is compared with upwind compact schemes by computing several benchmark flow problems. In the third step, the central compact scheme is applied successfully to incompressible two-phase flows both in two and three space dimensions. For this purpose, the modified Allen-Cahn type phase-field model is coupled with the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. In the phase-field formulation, the classical infinitely thin boundary of separation between two immiscible fluids is replaced by a transition region of small but finite width, across which the composition of the one or two fluids changes continuously. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by computing several benchmark twophase incompressible flow problems. Finally, advantages and difficulties in solving incompressible viscous flow problems are discussed and future directions of the effort are proposed.