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Home > Reference Intervals for Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Derived from Black African Blood Donors at a University Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya

Reference Intervals for Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Derived from Black African Blood Donors at a University Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya

Thesis Info

Author

Abubakar Abdillah

Department

Pathology (East Africa)

Program

MMed

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Medicine

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728065257

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Introduction: Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are important coagulation screening tests that give an insight into how well the extrinsic and intrinsic arms of the coagulation cascade are performing. For correct interpretation of laboratory results and avoidance of errors and misdiagnosis, population specific RIs are most appropriate. In a healthcare setting, it is up to the laboratory to establish RIs for use for the particular analytes that they run, or at least verify the RIs availed by the manufacturer of the reagents for a particular analyte. Objectives: This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for both PT and APTT at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH-N) laboratory using black African blood donors. In doing so the study also looked into factors that might lead to differences in the intervals; gender, age and blood group Methods: As per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines, at least 120 male and 120 female black African donors were recruited, and samples collected for PT and APTT, after informed consent. Data on age, gender, blood group, PT and APTT results were entered into Microsoft Excel® spread sheet for analysis. Data Analysis: Analysis of the data was performed using SPSS® and reference value advisor v2.1. CLSI guidelines for determining reference intervals were used. RIs derived from the study were compared to the RIs provided by the manufacturer of the platform using the reference change value (RCV). Mann–Whitney U test was performed to determine differences between groups. Pearson’s correlation was run to see if there was any correlation between PT/APTT and age. Results: A total of 258 study participants were enlisted. The PT reference intervals were 10.50–13.30 seconds while the APTT reference intervals were 24.13-35.10. Based on reference change value (RCV), both were significantly higher than manufacturer provided intervals. There was a statistically significant lower PT and APTT in females as compared to males (U=3971 p<0.0005; U=5924.5 p 0.004), while blood group O participants had a significantly higher APTT compared to non-O participants (U=5613 p 0.004). Our study also found a weak negative correlation of PT with age (Pearson coefficient -0.127, p 0.049). Conclusion: We report a reference interval for PT and APTT for black African adults that is significantly different from the manufacturer provided RIs and recommend adoption of the same by our laboratory. We further recommend stratification of RIs according to gender due to the significant difference in
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تعلیمِ نسواں

تعلیم نسواں
علم جہاں پہنچتا ہے اندھیرے سے نکال کر روشنی میں لے جاتا ہے ،ظلمت سے ضیاء کی طرف روانگی ہو جاتی ہے، جہالت سے شعور وآگہی کا سفر شروع ہو جاتا ہے۔ علم ایک ایسی دولت ہے جو انسان کواوجِ ثرّیا تک پہنچا دیتی ہے۔ علم ایک ایسازینہ ہے جس سے معرفتِ الٰہی کے محل کی طرف رسائی ممکن ہے۔ علم کے زیور سے مرصعّ شخص معاشرے کے ماتھے کا جھومر ہوتے ہیں۔ علم کی حقیقتوں سے آشنائی ایک عظمت ہے اس طرح عورت علم کے زیور سے مزیّن ہوگی تو معاشرہ سنور جائے گا۔
مردوں کی بھی تعلیم ضروری تو ہے مگر
پڑھ جائے جو خاتون تو نسلیں سنوار دے
تعلیم نسواں سے مراد عورتوں کی تعلیم ہے۔ مردوں کی طرح عورتوں کے لیے بھی حصول علم بہت ضروری ہے۔ عورت اور مرد زندگی کی گاڑی کے دو پہیے ہیں۔ ان دونوں پہیوں کا صحیح ہونا بہت ضروری ہے۔ ورنہ زندگی کی گاڑی ٹھیک طرح سے چل نہ سکے گی۔ کوئی قوم اس وقت تک ترقی نہیں کرسکتی جب تک اس قوم کی عورتیں زیورِ تعلیم سے آراستہ نہ ہوں۔
نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمکا ارشاد ہے کہ’’ علم حاصل کرنا ہر مسلمان مرد اور عورت پر فرض ہے۔‘‘ اس حدیث مبارکہ سے مرد اور عورت دونوں کی خاطر علم کی اہمیت واضح ہوتی ہے۔ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمنے اپنی تعلیمات سے آگاہی کے لیے عورتوں کے لیے بھی ہفتے میں ایک دن مقرر کیا تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ ازواجِ مطہرات بھی عورتوں کو دین کی باتیں سکھایا کرتی تھیں۔ دانائوں کا قول ہے کہ’’ ایک مردکی تعلیم ایک فردکی تعلیم ہے، جبکہ ایک عورت کی تعلیم ایک خاندان کی تعلیم ہے‘‘ عورت کی آغوش ہی بچے کی پہلی درسگاہ ہے۔ یہ جو کچھ اپنی ماں...

القضایا النقضیة فی وجود المجاز و عدمہ فی اللغة العربیة وفی القرآن الكریم

No doubt, throughout the last fourteen centuries, has been so widely read nor has shaped more human mindes than the Quran. Actually the Quran has a tremendous effect on the believers who recite it in its original language. Its language, as it is felt, is overwhelmed by the the power of the Devine word: hence the majesty of its style, and its captivating rhetoric, w hich reflects the pow er of the Divine w here it is originated. This artical also shows the greatness of the arabic language and its rhetorical effect in the light of Holy Quran. It tells us about the use of metaphor in Arabic language and Quran. It puts light on the diferenccs among the scholars wether there is Majaz in Arabic language and Quran or not? For the proof of its used both in language and Quran after the long discussion of linguistics and interpreters it is proved that it is one of the method of of the language to create the beauty in the speach. At the end of the artical it is conculuded through the views of the eminent scholars that the Majaz is also a style of the Arabic language and its rhetoric.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Maize Zea Mays L . Genotypes for Acquistion and Utilization of Iron and Zinc under Saline Conditions

This study was designed to examine the relationship of classroom learning environment and Teacher Interaction with secondary school students’ attitude towards the learning of English Language in context of Pakistan. Classroom environment is considered as one of the influential factor in enhancing learners’ achievement, attitude and learning process. The objectives of the study were to investigate secondary level students’ English language classroom learning environment, teachers’ interaction in English language classes and attitude towards learning of English language. Moreover, the relationship of classroom learning environment and teacher interaction with secondary level students’ attitude towards the learning of English on gender and locale was also established in the study. The study at hand was co relational and descriptive. For data collection survey method was used. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used for sample selection of the study. Stratification was based on three geographic zones of Punjab: Northern, Central and Southern Punjab. One district from each zone was selected randomly. The sample of the study was 930 students from 03 districts of the Punjab. Three instruments were used, first for Classroom learning environment, second for discovering Teacher Interaction in English language classes and third for finding out students’ attitude towards learning of English language. Data for this study were analyzed by using statistical operations through SPSS. T-test was used to calculate the significant difference between means of different categories of respondents like rural & urban, male and female. To investigate the possible relationship among the variables, Pearson correlation was used. Results of the study showed that male and female respondents reflected significant differences on English language classroom learning environment, teacher interaction and attitude towards English. It further revealed that female respondents were more favorable on their classroom learning environment, get more teachers’ support and interaction than male in their English language classes and had more positive attitude towards the learning of English. Significant positive correlation was found among classroom learning environment, Teacher Interaction and attitude towards the learning of English. Findings suggest that positive attitude in a foreign language class can be developed by making learning environment more favorable in shape of better pupil-teacher relationships and teacher support, involvement, cooperation and equity. It may help in developing attitude towards Adoption of English language learning attitude and enjoyment of English lessons in the classroom.