Background:The healthcare environment is becoming increasingly complex with physicians undertaking more leadership roles. The majority of physicians are not prepared to take up these roles, despite evolving evidence that good clinical leadership yields better clinical outcomes for both patients and healthcare organizations. Further, few residency programs explicitly embed leadership training for their students despite their positions at the forefront of healthcare delivery. This deficit ultimately leaves a multilevel healthcare “leadership” gap in a sector that depends heavily on the education process to improve clinical outcomes. A pre-study survey of residency graduates at the Aga Khan University, Nairobi (AKU,N) undertaken by Lance Mayabi revealed a perceived need for clinical leadership training to aid in preparing the graduates in their future careers. Objective:To explore further this perceived need for clinical leadership training, the residents’ understanding of clinical leadership and preferred modalities for clinical leadership training delivery to residents in various residency programs within AKU, N Methods:This was a phenomenological qualitative survey designed to explore the perceived need for clinical leadership training, the understanding of clinical leadership and the preferred modes of delivery of this training. Survey Monkey, an online survey tool was used to administer a questionnaire. A total of 106 invitations were sent out to both alumni and residents of AKU, N between October 2015 and January 2016 to participate in this survey. Results were analysed using the Framework (thematic) analysis described by Ritchie and Spencer. Results:There were 60 respondents of whom the majority felt that they were clinical leaders and that residency had prepared them to be clinical leaders by providing opportunities, autonomy and experiences to practice clinical leadership. There were however various barriers to clinical leadership like the lack of formal leadership training, lack of good role models, inexperience, poor institutional policies and apathy. The residents’ definition of clinical leadership was varied but there was a clear distinction between leadership and management. Clinical leadership as defined by residents is skills based, patient care oriented, leading by example, and provision of guidance to a team of colleagues within a clinical setting. The majority of respondents felt that formal training would aid them in becoming better clinical leaders by providing structure, creating awareness of the available leadership opportunities and improving their competency. The formats of delivery of this training were varied but online curriculum and tailor-made to individual needs were most preferred. Conclusion:The study revealed that the residency programs at AKU,
عارف میرٹھی عارف میرٹھی (۱۹۰۰۔۱۹۷۵) کا اصل نام سید محمد عسکری حسن تھا۔ آپ میرٹھ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ زندگی کا زیادہ تر حصہ سیالکوٹ میں گزارا۔ نور میرٹھی سے اصلاح لیتے تھے۔ ہر صنفِ سخن میں مہارت رکھتے تھے لیکن رباعی اور غزل زیادہ کہتے تھے۔ ۱۹۲۳ء میں میرٹھ کے مشاعرے میں بہترین شاعر قرار پائے۔ اس مشاعرے سے اشعر الشعرا کا خطاب اور طلائی تمغہ ملا۔ آپ کو صنفِ تاریخ گوئی میں کمال حاصل تھا۔ آپ نے سیالکوٹ‘ ڈسکہ اور گوجرانوالہ میں اپنے تلامذہ کی ادبی تربیت بھی کی۔ قومی سطح کے مشہور شاعر اکبر حمیدی‘ ناصر نقوی‘ فیض محمد گوہر‘ پروفیسر صادق علی اور ممتاز دانشور سید غلام عباس کو آپ سے شرفِ تلمذ حاصل ہے۔(۳۳۵) عارف میرٹھی کی شاعری میں کوئی جدت نہیں بلکہ روایتی رنگ کی شاعری ہے۔ عشق و جنون‘ عشقِ حقیقی اور تقدیر عارف کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں: جوہرِ برق تپاں کو کیا کہیے
قسمت آشیاں کو کیا کہیے
مانگتا ہوں بلائیں گردوں سے
حسرتِ امتحان کو کیا کہیے
لٹ گیا باغِ آرزو اپنا
دستبرد خزاں کو کیا کہیے
تھی یہ قسمت ہی آشیانے کی
ستم آسماں کو کیا کہیے (۳۳۶)
بے خودی میں کر رہا تھا دوسرے عالم کی سیر پھبتیاں کستی تھی دنیا مجھ کو غافل دیکھ کر جوش وحشت میں جنوں کی جب کوئی حد ہی نہیں اہلِ دل گھبرائیں پھر کیوں بُعد منزل دیکھ کر (۳۳۷)
ان کی نظریں دیکھ کر ان کی طرف دل ہو گیا خود مرے پہلو میں پیدا میرا قاتل ہو گیا بے کسی میں کون ہوتا ہے کسی کا غم گسار خود میرے قابو سے باہر اب میرا دل...
Politics is the field where women have been ignored since ancient times, due to the political notions determined by ideological beliefs and cultural norms. Among the United Nations’ measures remove gender inequalities, includes recommendation for reserving 30 per cent seats for women in legislatures. In Pakistan, this remarkable change was effected in 2000, as it reserved 33 percent seats for women at the local government and 17 per cent at the Provincial/National Assemblies and the Senate level, so about 40,000 women entered in local bodies throughout the country in 2000-01, and almost 55,000 women contested local government in 2005. Despite these developments, women are still facing challenges that deter the full realization of their roles as active interlocutors of policy-making. Keeping in view these aspects, this paper has analyzed the local government, focusing on women, exploring whether the increasing number of women in legislatures is merely a numerical strength, or is empowering them, too, Whether they are the ‘subjects of change’ or the ‘agents of change.’ It is calculated that administrative structures of local government is male-dominated, whereas women are trying to ensure their position, however, gendered barriers remain unbroken
Personal Software Process (PSP) developed by Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University (SEI-CMU) is for software engineers to better understand and improve their personal performance. It has been adopted for use in industry and academia and is also utilized for process improvement in twenty one key process areas of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The main emphasis of the personal process is on requirement, design, code, test, and post-mortem phases of software development. Identification of risk at system structure level for estimation of cost and schedule are listed as the key focus of PSP. However, current implementation of PSP does not provide any process for risks, schedule and cost estimations at the architecture level. Neither does PSP body of knowledge provide any support for architectural knowledge area elements. Since the architecture influences all other phases of development life cycle and also has its proven benefits, its integration into the personal process should augment PSP with those additional benefits. Moreover an exploratory study performed within local Software Process Improvement (SPI) practitioners also revealed that process improvement is itself a problematic area in the local industry which is a cause for poor SPI, thus a local perspective is clearly established for CMMI based SPI participants in Pakistan. This work also is an effort to presents the support for identified issues at process engineer level SPI, by augmenting the personal software process, and adding architecture centric design keeping in view the local constrains thus further strengthening the PSP principles. The ACE architecture centric methods of Quality Attribute Workshop and Attribute Driven Design have been tailored such that the cost, time and effort impact on the engineer is minimal while the identified issue are addressed. The augmentation is performed in alignment SEI-CMU PSPBOK. The improved process is designed and executed, and the impact of improvement is validated. The improved process demonstrates positive impact of cost and schedule, induces early risk identification and reduces time to market by reducing rework and improving overall quality and satisfaction of not only the product but also the personal maturity and yield of the process engineer. Results of the case studies show that making the process architecture centric has significant advantages for personal process and overall software product quality.