Introduction: Day case surgery services are increasing all over the world. The prevalence of postoperative pain after day surgery is found to be high ranging from 17% to 60%. Little is known about the prevalence of postoperative pain, in Kenya and East Africa, after day case surgeries.
Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of postoperative pain after day surgery at Aga Khan University (AKUH), Nairobi, to determine the severity/intensity of postoperative pain following day case surgery, and to determine the influence of anxiety and worry on the patients report on postoperative pain.
Study site: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.
Study design: Prospective, non-interventional study.
Study population: All patients aged between 18 and 68 years scheduled for day surgery at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.
Sample size: One hundred and fifty patients.
Duration of the study: This is a prospective study that was carried out between March and June 2009.
Methodology: Consecutive sampling was carried out until sample size was achieved. The purpose and nature of the study was explained to patients before informed consent was obtained. They were explained how to score their pain by using a visual analogue scale prior to the surgical procedure. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the patients. Follow up information was obtained through interviews over the telephone at 24 and 48 hours, after discharge from the DSU.
Results: The prevalence of postoperative pain after day care surgery was found to be 58% within 30mins postoperatively, 55.3% after 24 hours, and 34.7% after 48 hours following surgery. The prevalence of moderate to severe postoperative pain was 9.6%. This study has shown that the association between postoperative pain and anxiety was significant at 24 hour and 48 hour follow up. However such association with worry was significant only at 48 hour follow up.
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of postoperative pain after day surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi was noted to be different from what has been reported in the literature. The prevalence of moderate and severe pain however, is less than reported in the literature.
راقم الحروف دے ایک وڈے مہربان ذوالفقار علی بھٹی (مرحوم) سب انجینئر سن ۔ اوہناں دا بڑا شوق سی کہ مرشد سائیں خواجہ محمد عبدالرحمن ہوراں دی صفتاں تے شعراں وچ ایک چھوٹا جیا رسالہ ہونا چاہیدا اے جس نوں پڑھ کے عام تے سادہ لوگ وی فائدہ اٹھا سکن ۔ اُوہناں نے ایہہ کم میرے ذمے لادیتا ۔ میں رسالہ لکھ ہی رہیا ساں پرجناب ذولفقار علی بھٹی ہوراں دے اچانک سدے آگئے تے او رحیم یار خاں دے اندر اپنے اللہ سوہنے کول ٹر گئے ۔ بڑا دکھ ہویا پر اوہناں دیاں یاداں دل وچوں نہ گئیاں ۔ پڑھن والیاں نوں میں بڑے ادب نال آکھاں گا کہ میرے اس مرحوم سجن لئی ضرور دعا کرن کہ اللہ سوہنا انہاں دی قبر نوں اپنے نور نال بھر دیوے۔ خاکسار اقبال قادریؔ بہاول نگر
Peace can be defined as a state of mind of individuals and groups where everyone lives without apprehension, discomfort or fear of the other. Justice gives birth to peace; when there is justice, there is a sense of security among people. A peacemaker is one who mitigates conflicts and nurtures good will and brings about a sustainable balance to the society. Indeed, Prophet Muhammad's life was an example of living the life of a peace maker. The absolute character of Holy Prophetﷺ is impeccable in all characteristics and bestows an outright guidance in every step of life. It is an exemplary and pure fountain of love and mercy. His mercy is restricted not only to human beings but is also for animals and other creatures too. In this Paper will try to Discus about the character of Muhammadﷺ as Peace and Security maker, nothing is new, you have heard them time and again, but I am asking you to look at the deeper dimension embedded into these actions in creating peace for yourselves and the people who surround you. It is essentially expanding and sharing with you what Rahmatul Aalameen, a mercy to a mankind means.
This study deals with the complexes of copper and silver with nitrogen and sulphur donor ligands for potentional biological applications. Our main research was focused onthe synthesisof various ligands containing sulphur and nitrogen donor atoms and some commercially available ligands were also used in complexation with different metal ions such as copper and silver. In most of the cases, we got our expected products with no side reactions, for purification of organic derivatives column chromatography was extensively used. Different ligands which contained sulphur and nitrogen donor sites were synthesized and coupled with different metal salts of the above mentioned metals including pallidium and cobalt in few cases. These ligands can be divided into three different groups 1) quinoline based ligands 2) tetrahydroindazole based ligands 3) thiazole based ligands. The quinoline based ligands were synthesized by multistep reactions. All the reactions gave expected products with negligible side reactions. Compounds 1-9 in the following text are quinoline based ligands and their complexes. All the qunoline based complexes were tested for antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and enzymes inhibition activities. The best antibacterial agents among quinoline based complexes waspalladium based compound 7. Similarly the best antifungal agent among quinoline based complexes is compound 6. The antioxidant study showed that compound 7 hasthe highest antioxidant activity among quinoline based complexes, against both ABTS and DPPH. Similarly compounds 7 also showed highest enzymes inhibation against AChE and BChE. Two compounds 10 and 11 are ligands containing N and O donor sites, but at ordinary condition, their complexation with a suitable metal ion was not feasible. Compounds 12-16 are indazole complexes of copper and silver and they were checked for their antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and enzymes inhibition activities. Compound 12 was found most effective agent against E.coli, compound 13 was efficient against K. Pneumoniaboth exhibiting 16 mm zone of inhibition. Compounds 12 and 13 showed good activity against A. fumegatus. The antioxidant test of the indazole based complexes showed that compound 15 had better anti-oxidant activity, up to 73% (IC50 value 94µg/mL) and was most effective antioxidant among compounds of the series. Similarly in thiazole complexes17-20, the most active against E.coli and K. Pneumonia was compound 17 which exhibited 19 and 14 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The antifungal test of the thiazole compounds showed that compounds 18 and 19 were comparatively more active against A. fumegatusas compared to other members of the series. In thiazole complexes 18 was better anti-oxidant agent, exhibiting IC50 value 69µg/mL for ABTS and 50µg/mL for DPPH. Compound 19 had low antioxidant activity IC50= 314µg/mL. Compound 20 was very active AChE inhibitor with 77% activity at 1000 µg/mL. Compound 18 inhibited BchEupto 74% (caculated IC50= 147 µg/mL).