وجوه الإعجاز عند المتكلمين: الرماني والخطابي نموذجا

There are several points which illustrate Qur’ānic I‘jāz and probably rely on Islamic Theologians -Mutakallimin’s- efforts as well as exertions regarding Qur’ānic I‘jāz. Mutakallimin for having good command over Arabic rhetorical structures have demonstrated Qur’ānic I‘jāz in two contexts: theoretically and empirically. They actually validated, that Qur’ān is the book of Allah Almighty, through comparing both standard Arabic texts: prose and poetry into face of Qur’ānic text. All these cherished efforts of Mutakallimin are rooted in Arabic rhetoric which stands for that Arabic Rhetoric and ‘ilm al-Kalām; both have very primary relation resulting in that cannot be ignored while analyzing I‘jāz phenomenon.

Investigating Teaching Techniques, Assessment of Reading and Reading Attitude of Selected Higher Secondary School Learners in Pakistan

English, being an international lingua franca, has been given a great importance in Pakistan at local and national level. It has been taught as a secondary language in the form of compulsory subject in most of the institutions right from class one. Effective teaching learning of English reading mostly depends upon learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques related to reading and reading assessment practices. The basic objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and students towards teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude. Furthermore, the study aims to measure the effect of learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques and assessment practices related to reading on learners’ performance in English subject at higher secondary school level in Pakistan. The students and teachers of higher secondary schools (Class-XI & XII) represented as the population. However, the target population was delimited to Hyderabad. The random stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of twenty six teachers and five hundred thirty students as a sample from target population. The survey method, including questionnaire, interview and observation checklist tools, was used for data collection. It was found that learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to English reading were very strongly correlated to learners’ performance in English subject. Any improvement in teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude towards the English as subject leads to enhance the performance of students in English subject. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perception of students and teachers regarding learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques for reading skills. However, the teachers and students showed their dissatisfaction with learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to reading. The teachers of higher secondary schools were incapable to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. They rarely used modern audio visual aids like multi-media, computers and projectors in the classroom teaching and assessment. They used only old, ineffective and conventional teaching techniques and assessment strategies in their teaching learning of English reading. They were not capable to develop or use technology based tests for assessment of reading. Besides, they focused less on development of reading skills but merely tried to complete the course so that students may pass the examination. Teachers’ only aim was to help students get through the annual examination. As a result, the students paid more attention on examination and less attention on reading skill. It was recommended that reading skills ought to be treated as integral part of the subject while evaluating learners’ skills of English as subject; it should be assessed and marked under a separate section within the exam paper. The teachers should be given proper training time to time to enable them to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. Rather than to complete the course from examination point of view, the teachers should focus on development of reading skills. Latest audio visual aids including multi-media, projectors and computers should be used in teaching and assessing reading proficiency. A well developed reading assessment system equipped with modern technology should be established and reading progress chart of every student should be maintained accordingly for the attraction of students towards reading. In order to cultivate reading habit, the motivation of learners should be kept at the top priority. The teachers should observe, point out and get the reading problems of students solved. They should support and encourage the struggling students in this regard.