Title: Understanding the barriers to contraceptive use among HIV-positive women of child bearing age in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania- a multi-site study Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived barriers to contraceptive use and identify the factors that influence contraceptive choice, as well as the relationship of these among HIV-positive women living in an urban population in Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania. Goals and Objectives: To determine the perceived barriers to contraceptive use among HIV-positive women of child-bearing age attending the Care Treatment Centres (CTCs) Tanzania and in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) supported CTCs within Dar-es-salaam. Methodology: In a phenomenological approach the study adopted a cross-sectional study design that utilized qualitative methodology to assess HIV-positive women’s perceptions towards modern methods of contraception (including barrier, hormonal, permanent, and dual protection methods). It was a multi-sited study involving a selection of Management and Development for Health (MDH) supported CTCs whose focus is HIV/AIDS in women and children. The study population included all sexually active women of child bearing age (15-49) confirmed HIV-positive and attending the MDH supported CTC facilities within Dar-es-salaam. The study assumed pragmatic purposive strategic sampling in selecting participants. All participants who meet the inclusion criteria on signage of informed consent were subjected to either In-depth Interviews or Focused Group Discussions. Data collected was transcribed based on emergent themes and analysed using Nvivo 9 qualitative analysis software. During data analysis, stigma was identified as an issue cutting across all other themes. As a result a further analysis of the data was undertaken using Erving Goffman’s Conceptualization of stigma as the analytical framework. Ethical considerations: The study commenced once ethical approval and considerations were met by governing bodies of the Aga Khan University East Africa as well as the National Institute of Medical Research Tanzania. Timeline: The study was carried out from January 2012-April 2014. Results: The study identified eight barriers to contraceptive use: social and healthcare relationships, a woman’s current priorities in particular concerning motherhood, her beliefs about HIV/contraception/menstruation, her stage of acceptance of her HIV diagnosis, her own and other women’s previous experiences with various contraceptive methods, the knowledge she has on them and her access to these methods. Stigma was an underlying issue seen to cut across all these barriers and the subsequent theoretical analysis showed stigma to be a core issue reinforcing all barriers for the HIV-positive woman’s appropriate use of contraception. Conclusion: The
میرا بستہ نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کا کہا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’میرا بسۃ ‘‘ معزز سامعین! میرابستہ کا تصور جب ذہن میں آتا ہے تو فوراً ایک طالب علم کی تصویر ذہن میں گردش کرنا شروع کر دیتی ہے ایک علم کے متلاشی کا تصور پیدا ہو جا تا ہے۔ تشنگانِ علم دماغ کی سکرین پرنمودار ہونا شروع ہو جاتے ہیں۔ صاحبِ صدر! یہ بستہ ہی تو ہے جو کسی نہ کسی صورت میں اپنا وجود برقرار رکھے ہوئے ہے وہ کتنے خوش نصیب لوگ ہوتے ہیں جو بستہ سے پیار کرتے ہیں، جو بستے کو حرزِ جاں بناتے ہیں، جو بستہ کے ساتھ وابستہ رہتے ہیں، جو بستہ کی خوبیوں سے کما حقہ واقف ہوتے ہیں ، جو بستے میں موجودعلمی ہیرے و جواہرات اٹھاتے ہوئے اپنے سر فخر سے بلند کرنا شروع کر دیتے ہیں۔ جنابِ صدر! میرا بستہ یہ طالب علم کہہ رہا ہے جس کے شب وروزعلم کی تلاش میں گزرتے ہیں جس کے لیل و نہار معلوماتِ عامہ کے حصول میں صرف ہوتے ہیں، جس کے لمحات زیست اپنے استاد کی خدمت میں گزرتے ہیں، جو بستہ کے ذریعے جبال شامخہ کی سینہ شگافی کرنا چاہتا ہے، جو بستہ کے ذریع فضاء میں پرواز کا متمنی ہے، جو بستہ کے ذریعے کھیت و کھلیان سے مال وز رنکالنا چاہتا ہے، جو بستہ کے ذریعے چاند پر سفر کرنے کا آرزو مند ہے، جو بستہ کو اُٹھا کر خدمت اسلام کے لیے کمربستہ ہونا چاہتا ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! بستہ سے محبت سلف صالحین کا وطیرہ رہا ہے، علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے بستہ اٹھایا تو حکیم الامت بن گئے۔ محمد...
Literally Bai't means solemn assurance to do something and absolute submission to one's commands. All the believers have declared to follow the commands of Allah Al-Mighty and act upon the guideline of His Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). In the early days of Islam, every person intending to embrace Islam use to take an oath of obedience and loyalty to the orders given by the Prophet (P.B.U.H). The person gave his hand in the hands of the Prophet (P.B.U.H). Afterwards, this sort of oath was introduced in many kinds; one of them is "Bai't Islah or Bai't Al Tuba". The Bai't is in accordance with the spirit of Islamic teachings. The scholars of Islam in majority have accepted its authenticity as discussed in the article under reference.
Logical errors (LE) are the most common problem in overall programming languages. Logical
fallacies are not shown as regular errors in the programming because their result is only different
than planned and its detection is possible only by reviewing the code and determining the flaw.
Each programming language (PL) has its logical error challenges on different hardware
architectures. However, these models primarily focus on the software-based logical error solution
and must integrate into the existing IDEs as an intelligent Unit. 90% logical error can be solved
by the software and the rest by correcting hardware design or creating capability between
hardware and software.
Intelligent logical error detection and mitigation model for python (ILEDMP) is live logical error
detection system which saves much time, energy, cost, efforts, enhances coding experience,
increases productive, accuracy, memory preservation, additional resources usage, and processing
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created in the python programming language (PL) and detects the python bugs.
Spyder, Thonny, Eclipse Python (LiClipse), Win Python, Pycharm (Intellij Ultimate) and Wing
IDEs are weak in detecting the logical errors. Though, Model has initially detected nine types of
bugs with live error detection. Intelligent logical error detection and mitigation model for python
(ILEDMP) are capable of all powers which python is offering it for its programs support in the
computation.