Background: Men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are at risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) and other co - morbidities. The clinical assessment of ED is unreliable and the International Index of Erectile Function – 5 (IIEF – 5) a widely used tool is not validated in our setting. We aimed to validate the IIEF – 5 as a screening tool for ED in men with LUTS visiting the outpatient services.
Methodology: In the study, 99 men above 40 years with LUTS attending the urology clinics were consecutively enrolled, administered with the IIEF – 5 and assigned an ED status. Socio – demographic data and risk factors were captured in a separate questionnaire. A blinded urologist made an independent clinical assessment of ED following this.
Results: In this study involving 99 men with LUTS, 45.5% had mild ED, 24.2% had no ED, 17.2% had mild-moderate ED, while 13.1% had moderate ED based on IIEF – 5 score. In comparison, 84.8% had no ED and 15.2% had ED based on clinical assessment. The questionnaire items were very correlated as determined by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.920. Determination of ceiling and floor effects was based on a cutoff of at least 15% of patients obtaining the least points of 5/25 for the floor effect or best points of 25/25 for the ceiling effect. 7.1% of patients scored 25/25 and none scored 5/25 hence no ceiling or floor effect was observed. The area under the curve 0.884 (p = 0.000002) demonstrated good diagnostic performance with favourable sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusion: For men above 40 years with LUTS, the IIEF-5 is a valid and reliable tool to screen for ED. These results, taken with results from previous validation studies of the IIEF – 5 suggest that it should complement clinical assessment of ED.
شعبہ مالیات کے امین افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ ستمبر کو دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے شعبہ مالیات کے امین و معتمد، دنیوی زندگی کی امانت کو ادا کرنے کے بعد اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، وہ استاذ الاساتذہ محمد سمیع صدیقی مرحوم کے صاحبزادے تھے جن کا تعلق ندوے سے مکانی ہی نہیں روحانی بھی ہمیشہ رہا، وہ ندوہ اور خصوصاً مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندویؒ کے عاشقوں میں تھے اور خود ایک باکمال اہل قلم تھے، ایسے باکمال کا اٹھ جانا بڑا سانحہ ہے، اﷲتعالیٰ ان کے حسنات کو قبول فرما کر بلند درجات سے نوازے۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، ستمبر ۲۰۱۰ء)
On the one hand Islam espouses the notion of free trade, and on the other hand it frowns on state interference in trade. Developed and developing countries make head way freely in a free trading culture. This state of affairs buoys up the spirits of traders and inspires them to invest freely and lead to an economic upturn. Thus society flourishes. Foreign direct investment flows in a country from free trade. The scientificand technical expertise of industrialized countries is transferred to low income countries. Not only high quality products are available in abundance in the open market but also the moderation of prices is automatically established by the competition of business people. In this way, the free trading culture functions as a filtering device in the free market and, without any artificial or external interference, discharges all the tasks efficiently from its own internal logic. Critics of free trade, on the other hand, demur the system fills the coffers of multinational corporations but suppresses the rights of workers, locals and small industrialists. The real purpose of this system is to establish Western powers’ control over global resources. Taking advantage of the flexibility of the free trading culture, traders artificially raise prices through monopoly and hoarding.
Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella is one of the most popular species of aquaculture as it has ability to convert plant material into good quality protein. As feeding expenses of aquaculture is 60% of total expenses, many researchers have tried to cut down the feeding expenses of fish by using cheap and waste raw material as fish feed. In this study a comparison of growth of grass carp was made by using rice bran. Grass carp fry were obtained from hatchery and these were kept in steel tanks for 15 days for acclimatization to experimental conditions before start of experiment. During this period they were given mixture of fish meal and rice bran in 30% and 35% proportion.
Experiment was conducted using three types of diets. One simple fish meal, second fish meal and 30%rice bran and third a mixture of fish meal and 35% rice bran. These diets were available to the three groups of fish round the clock. Growth was checked by netting 50% or more than 50% of fish from each tank. Fish were weighed in bulk every fortnight. After every sampling 50% water in each tank was replaced with fresh water. Following parameters were checked (1) mean weight increase, (2) body weight gain (3) specific growth rate. At the end of experiment fish from three groups were killed and their body composition was checked for water, % protein % fat, % organic content wet and dry. According to results fish meal with 35% rice bran gave maximum growth in fish.