کارڈز میں بیعِ صرف کی شرعی وفقہی حیثیت اور اس کی عملی تطبیق

Digital Cards in banking and non banking sector have been widely used and legally accepted in the world today.  They are not only safe and secure for business transactions but also easy to use. This new phenomena has raised many questions for Muslim jurists and Islamic legal scholars as whether or not their transactions are sharīʿah compliant. This paper attempts to study this new phenomenon and analyze the juristic literature in order to explain the Islamic legal status of the utilization of these cards.

Developing and Implementing Strategic Ipm Module of Sugarcane Stem Borer Chilo Infuscatellus Pyralidae, Lepidoptera

Studies were carried out on integrated management of sugarcane stem borer, (Chilo infuscatellus) in the Punjab, Pakistan during 2008-09. The objectives of the studies to screen out the comparatively resistant varieties and also to find out the impact of abiotic factors. The use of chemical, biological, cultural, mechanical controls and their integration were also tested after 10, 15 and 20 days intervals. Fifteen varieties were tested during 2008 and the minimum infestation was recorded in US-718 (14.45%), which was statistically at par with those of US-312 (14.80%), CPF-246 (14.90%) and significantly different from varieties US-4191, US-676, US-133, US-824, CPF-234 and CPF-237 that showed 15.02, 15.28, 15.72, 15.83, 15.90 and 15.95% infestation. From the preliminary screening, US-718 and US-312 having least infestation with 14.45% and four varieties US-4191, US-678, US-133, US-824 showing intermediate infestation (15.02%, 15.28%, 15.72%, 15.83%) and three varieties US-824, CPF-234 and CPF-237 having maximum infestation 15.83, 15.90 and 15.95% were selected. The impact of abiotic factors indicated that maximum temperature did not affect the infestation level significantly whereas the minimum temperature showed a significant and positive correlation to infestation with r-values 1.00, 0.065, 1.00 and 0.036 during 2008-09 respectively. The relative humidity showed significant correlation having positive response to infestation with r-values of 0.637 and 0.520 during 2008-09 collectively. The effect of rainfall on the stem borer infestation was highly significant with r - values of 0770 and 0.781 during 2008-09 cumulatively. The variety US-133 contained maximum nitrogen and fat contents, which were calculated to be 1.147% and 2.20%, respectively. The highest recovery was recorded to be 11.74% in variety US-312, whereas the lowest in SPF-234 which was 8.12%. Plant girth and leaf area were comparatively higher in US-824 SPF-234 with 5.47 cm2 and 4.66 cm2 as compared with other varieties. The CPF-246 possessed maximum Phosphorous quantity (0.244%), whereas minimum contents were found in US-778 (0.191%). The concentration of Potassium was comparatively higher in SPF-234 (0.243%) and maximum quantity of Calcium was calculated in variety US-1491 (0.249%). Maximum Magnesium-contents were found in variety SPF-234, which were calculated to be 0.240% and maximum Copper was recorded in variety CPF-237 (4.25ppm). The lowest Ferrous was recorded in US-312 with 31.70ppm and minimum Manganese was recorded in US-312 (30.73ppm) while maximum Zinc present in SPF-234 with 22.60ppm. The results of insecticides against the sugarcane stem showed minimum infestation by Furadan followed by Thimet, Padan and Monomehypo with which showed 10.22%, 11.35%, 12.45% and 13.84% respectively, after 15 days interval. In case of cultural and mechanical control, the minimum infestation (12.91%) was recorded by using Trash mulching while in case of biological control, minimum infestation (9.31%) was recorder by using 72000 Trichogramma eggs after 10 days interval while the integration of Trichogramma cards, detrashing and light traps showed minimum infestation (8.71%) after 10 days interval.