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Home > Culture and Teacher Professional Development: Exploring Male and Female Mentors’ and Mentees’ Experiences of Professional Development in the Baltistan Region of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Culture and Teacher Professional Development: Exploring Male and Female Mentors’ and Mentees’ Experiences of Professional Development in the Baltistan Region of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Shujaat Ali

Program

Mphil

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728076713

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Teacher professional development (TPD) is a process to enhance knowledge and skills of the teachers to improve quality of teaching and learning in schools. It further strengthens teachers’ prospect about their profession by fostering positive change in their attitude, beliefs, perceptions and ideology. Moreover, TPD enables teachers to enhance their personal and professional effectiveness and competence. While meeting their PD targets, the teachers experience number of successes and challenges due to local cultural context in which they are situated. The aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of male and female mentors and mentees in an ongoing field-based in-service mentor-mentee model of PD in the Baltistan region of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. In particular, the study examined how the local cultural context of the Baltistan region shaped or guided the experiences of the male and female mentors and mentees while participating in the PD process. It further explored the role of local cultural context in the successes and challenges to meet the PD targets of the male and female mentors and mentees. The case study method of qualitative research design was employed and semi structured interviews and mentees’ classroom observations were used to generate and collect the data. The research was conducted in two clusters; one is mentored by a male teacher and another with a female mentor.A male and a female mentee from each cluster were inducted in the study. Thus, the primary participants were six in total including a male mentor, a female mentor, two male mentees and two female mentees who were selected through purposive sampling technique. The key findings of study have revealed that mentors’ and mentees’ experiences of PD were shaped by the cultural context. The interactions of male and female mentors and mentees in PD process were directed by the local cultural norms. Furthermore, the religious activities of the local context had an influence on participations’ experiences of PD in terms of curtailing the frequency of prescheduled PD activities. The PD process also helped them to develop their knowledge and skills of teaching language in early grades. The findings also indicated that participation in PD immensely contributed to the development of both the mentors’ and mentees’ sense of professional identities.
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تیرا سوہنا پاک خیال

تیرا سوہنا پاک خیال
رہندا ہر دم میرے نال
اندروں باہروں جو ہِک ہوون
اوہ بندے نیں خال خال
اثر نسل تک جاری رہندا
جیہڑا ہووے حرام دا مال
عاشق تپ جد کندن ہووے
ہکو جئے نیں ہجر وصال
روندے روندے سو جاندے نیں
ڈھیر غریباں دے کئی بال
سار نہ پچھی یار سجن نے
گزرے کتنے ماہ و سال

سائنس اور روحانیت کی تمثیل: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Spirituality is usually understood as a way of being that flows from a certain profound experience of reality, which is known as ‘mystical’, ‘religious’, or ‘spiritual’ experience. There are numerous descriptions of this experience in the literature of the world’s religions, which tend to agree that it is a direct, non-intellectual experience of reality with some fundamental characteristics that are independent of cultural and historical contexts. Spiritual and scientific quests are two complementary inquiries into reality. Any feeling of antagonism between them is a product of a narrow vision. Science deals with what is measurable; religion is the quest for discovering and understanding the immeasurable. A scientist is not intelligent if he denies the existence of the immeasurable. There is nothing that is anti-science but there is a lot that is beyond science. The two quests have to go hand in hand. We not only need to have an understanding of the laws that govern the phenomena occurring in the external world around us but also we need to discover order and harmony in our consciousness. Human understanding is incomplete unless it covers both aspects of reality: matter as well as consciousness. Indeed the division between the scientific and spiritual quests is itself the creation of the human mind. Reality is one undivided whole which includes both matter and consciousness. Our thoughts, being limited by our experience, divide the external world from the inner world of our consciousness, in much the same way as our mind divides time from space though they are both two aspects of a single continuum۔

Screening of Pakistani Honeys for Antibacterial Potential Against Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Typhi

The development of resistance to conventional anti-typhoid drugs and recent emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance had made it very difficult and expensive to treat typhoid fever. More recently, the appearance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Salmonella typhi is leading to a situation where, in some conditions, the disease may well be untreatable without extremely expensive injectables or combination therapies. As the therapeutic strategies are likely to dwindle, it becomes imperative to look for non- conventional modalities to meet any future possible challenges. Recently medical profession has rediscovered the unique and repertoire of antibacterial properties (acidity, osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide and plant derived non-peroxide activity) of honey. On the basis of these properties, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA and European countries approved manuka honey (New Zealand) and medihoney (Australian) as therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic skin infections and burns. However, its role in systemic infections like typhoid fever is not determined. In addition, striking variation in the potency of antibacterial activity of honey between different floral sources and even within the same floral source does exist. Hence, it is imperative to assay antibacterial activity of honey before consideration for therapeutic use. In Pakistan, there is great diversity in honey varieties because of the richness in bee flora; therefore, it is believed that there are several unrecognized honeys of high therapeutic value in this part of the world. Twenty four blood culture isolates of typhoid salmonellae including MDR-S. typhi (n=16) were investigated for their susceptibility to manuka honey, black seed honey, shain honey and simulated honey. An agar dilution assay was adopted for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 29212) were included as the standard control strains. Additionally, one hundred samples of Pakistani unifloral honey from nineteen common bee flora, produced by bees (Apis mellifera) were collected from different geographical areas of Pakistan. They were screened for both total (acidity, osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide and non-peroxide activity) and plant derived non-peroxide antibacterial activity against one blood culture isolate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. typhi by agar well diffusion assay. Manuka (Unique Manuka Factor-21) honey was used as standard. The total antibacterial activity of these honey samples were standardized in accordance with phenol equivalence % (w/v). Regarding MICs, manuka honey inhibited all clinical isolates of typhoidal salmonellae at concentration median 7.67+1.0% (v/v), black seed honey median 9.0±1.0% (v/v) and shain honey at median 12.0±1.0% (v/v). Simulated honey inhibited these isolates at concentration median 30±0.0% (v/v). Whereas, manuka honey inhibited all ATCC reference strains between the MICs range of 5.0 to 9.0% (v/v), black seed honey at 6.0% to 10.0% (v/v), shain honey at 10 to 14 % (v/v) and simulated honey at 30 to 35% (v/v). This demonstrates that antibacterial effect of natural honey is not linked with high osmolarity alone and there are other factors contributing to antibacterial activity. Screening of antibacterial activity of one hundred unifloral honey samples against blood culture isolate of MDR-S. typhi revealed that nineteen honey samples (19%) displayed higher antibacterial activity (16-20 % of phenol), which is more than that of manuka honey (21-UMF). Thirty percent honey samples demonstrated antibacterial activity between the ranges of 11-15% of phenol, similar to that of manuka honey and about 51% of honey samples did not exhibit any zone of inhibition against MDR-S. typhi at 50% (w/v) dilution. Since manuka honey used in this study is standardized product with 21- UMF and approved by FDA as therapeutic agent. Therefore, those honey samples which displayed antibacterial activity equal to or greater than manuka honey, may be utilized in those clinical conditions, where higher hydrogen per-oxide related antibacterial activity is needed like leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, burns, skin graft donor sites and surgical wounds. These newly identified honeys may add value to the existing honey resource. Keeping in view the tremendous variation in the potency of antibacterial activity of honey, it is essential that research may continue beyond commercially available honey to those, locally produced, as yet untested. However, none of Pakistani honey samples displayed non-peroxide activity. Only manuka honey showed non-peroxide activity when catalase enzyme was added to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide related antibacterial activity at 25% dilution (w/v). Nevertheless, MICs of black seed honey and manuka by agar dilution assay are comparable. The agar dilution assay provides more reliable, reproducible and quantitative results as compared to agar well diffusion assay which is less sensitive and only provides qualitative results. Therefore, both manuka honey and black seed honey warrants further evaluation in suitable typhoid animal model for future prevention and treatment of typhoid fever.