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Improving Students Writing Skills Using Mind - Mapping Technique at Primary Level in a Private School in Karachi

Thesis Info

Author

Binish,

Department

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

Program

Mphil

Institute

Aga Khan University

Institute Type

Private

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728081170

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In most of the Pakistani schools, it has been seen that there are inadequate practices for English language teaching and learning, particularly as relates to writing skills (Khan & Khan, 2016). Developing English Language writing skills requires teachers to be familiar with writing strategies that can facilitate students (Khan, 2011). In Pakistani schools, it seems that English language writing skills are neglected in classroom teaching because the English language teachers are not acquainted with the “new practices of teaching English language in general, and teaching of writing skills in particular” (Siddique, 2007, p. 20). The need to enhance effective writing skills in learners, therefore, requires introduction/ exposure to various writing strategies to teach writing skills in an interesting way (Omar, 2016). This study was conducted in the context of Karachi, Pakistan, to explore how mind-mapping technique can be used to help improve students’ writing skills of grade 3. It was a qualitative action research study carried out to design an action so as to attempt to bring a change. The data were collected in three main phases: reconnaissance phase, intervention phase and post-intervention phase. Data collection tools were pre and post-test, observations, focus group discussion, semi-structured interview and field notes. In the light of data analysis of the reconnaissance phase, there were several problems identified as they related to students’ ability to generate, organize and independently write on a given topic. One of the important tools to support learners in this regard is to use pre-writing strategies in writing tasks (Buzan, 2002). In addition, pre-writing strategies can help to boost students’ motivation and engagement with writing and develop them as independent writers (Keen, 2017). Based on the reconnaissance findings, I planned an intervention and conducted three teaching cycles on teaching students mind mapping and how to use their mind map to produce independent texts. The study outcomes suggest that students’ exposure to a pre-writing strategy such as mind-mapping technique did help to improve students’ writing skills. The study participants were able to think, generate and organize their information about a given topic. Study outcomes also reveal that the use of mind maps seemed to boost students’ motivation, their engagement with writing seemed to increase and they were able to function as independent writers. Therefore, this suggests that using a pre-writing strategy such as mind-mapping technique can support learners in improving their writing skills.
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4۔تحفظ نسل

4۔تحفظ نسل
شریعت مطہرہ نے عفت و عصمت اور انساب کی حفاظت کی حفاظت پر بہت زور دیا ہے اور اس کے تحفظ کے لیے از حد اقدامات فرمائے۔ مختلف قبائل میں مختلف خصوصیات پائی جاتی ہیں اور انہی خصوصیات کی بنا پر اس خاندان یا قبیلہ کا تعارف ہوتا ہے ۔ نسل کے تحفظ میں مختلف خصائص کے علاوہ تقسیم وراثت میں بھی آسانی کا پہلو شامل ہے اسی وجہ سے اپنی ذاتی نسبت غیر خاندان کی جانب کرنے پر شریعت میں سخت وعید سنائی گئی ہے اورجہاں زنا کو حرام قرار دیا وہاں زنا تک پہنچنے سے پہلے اس گناہ کے دروازے ہی بند کردیے نظروں کو نیچا رکھو، مخلوط محفل پر پابندی ، عورت کی عزت کو خانہ کعبہ سے افضل قرار دیا ، پردے کا حکم جاری کیا، قوت رجولیت میں کمی کے لئے روزوں کا حکم ، جذبہ حیا کا فروغ ، نکاح کو آسان بنانا اور پھر اگر انصاف کر سکتا ہو اور طاقت رکھنے کی صورت میں چار شادیوں کی اجازت دی۔
نگاہوں کو نیچا رکھنے کا حکم
﴿قُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ يَغُضُّوا مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِمْ وَيَحْفَظُوا فُرُوجَهُمْ ذَلِكَ أَزْكَى لَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا يَصْنَعُونَ ۔ وَقُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ ۔ ﴾241
"مؤمن مردوں سے کہ دو کہ اپنی نظریں نیچی رکھا کریں اور اپنی شرم گاہوں کی حفاظت کیا کریں یہ ان کے لیے بڑی پاکیزگی کی بات ہے بے شک اللہ اس سے باخبر ہے جو کام یہ لوگ کرتے ہیں۔ اور مؤمن عورتوں سے بھی کہ دو کہ وہ بھی اپنی نگاہیں نیچی رکھا کریں اور اپنی شرمگاہوں کی حفاظت کیا کریں ۔ "
روزے رکھنے کا حکم
جناب علقمہ بن قیس  (م:62ھ)سے مروی ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے فرمایا:اے نوجوانو!
"من استطاع منكم الباءة فليتزوج فإنه أغض للبصر وأحصن للفرج ومن...

عقیدہ تناسخ اور عہد الست میں فرق کے حوالے سے امام رازی کے موقف کا جائزہ

Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) According to Shariah, there is a second world beyond this physical for reward or punishment of deeds which is known as the Day of Judgment Doomsday.  On this day, the Scale will be set and human actions will be weighed. Consequently, he will deserve either Paradise or hell. Paradise is an abode of perpetual rest and satisfaction whereas hell is a place of humiliation and degradation.  

Causes and Effects of Crime on Educated Youth in Sindh

The study was conductedto observe and document the population’s perceptions of causes of crime in educated youth, it was also determined the degree of relationship of “crime” with “various social and educational variables”. The purpose was to collect empirical data inductively from the phenomena and to provide stakeholders pragmatic evidences of the situation in order to take necessary steps for improvement as well as valid reasons for legislation to stop crime acquired from society. The population of this research was students of universities in Sindh, lawyers who were working in Sindh province and police officers of rank Inspector, Sub-Inspector and Assistant Sub-Inspector in the areas of Sindh province. The overall population for students divided into two clusters; cluster of public and cluster of private universities. The total number of public and private universities are 20; 10 numbers of universities are from public sector while remaining 10 are from private sectors. These all20 universities have different field of specialization e.g. medical, business administration, and engineering, agriculture and general categories. The population of lawyers and police officers were taken from districts in Karachi (5 districts), Hyderabad, Khairpur and Jomshoro. Researcher selected Lawyers and police officers of rank Inspector, Sub-Inspector, Assistant Sub-Inspector randomly from the population. Four Questionnaires were designed to collect data from ; elderly citizens, students, lawyers and police officers at five points likert scale. Data collected through self-administered questionnaire. The researcher met elderly citizens and visited these universities for collecting data from students personally, and met with lawyers and police officers. Although this procedure was considered time consuming, but it gave up high rate of responses to the researcher. As this study found out the grass-root, level causes and effects of crime on educated youth in Sindh as well asPakistan are; poor education; unemployment; defficint policeing sytem and judiciary. Thus, findings are useful to law enforcement agencies, justices of courts, education practitioner and researchers to understand psychology of the crimes in local context.