عہد نبوی میں ذرائع کے اسالیب عصر حاضر کے نوجوانوں کے لیے مشعل راہ

Since from the beginning of humanity means of communication have always been an essential need for mankind. To convey the message and to find means to communicate and express one’s thought one needs a mean to transmit the information to others. That is called communication. With the passage of time and advancement communication means also took modern shape and became advance. Islam as a complete code of life, guides humanity in the all fields of sociology, economic, politics, including mass communication. Allah the Almighty sent messengers and Prophets for the guidance of people. So they served the humanity in different periods of time in different areas. Ḥaẓrat Muḥammad (ﷺ) the last prophet of Allah used these means of communication for the prevalence and preaching of Islam, and left behind a remarkable legacy in the field of mass communication for the guidance till dooms day. Where there have been great changes in other fields and professions of life in the advanced world of contemporary era there had become a revolutionary change in the field of media. News all over the world spread in seconds. Media which is the strongest tool to approach people, but sorry to say that it is detracted badly by prevailing wrong values, vulgarity, jealousy and selfishness. There is a dire need to change the direction of noble that so (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of methodology the towards media values like piousness, self-sacrifices, brotherhood and cooperation should be developed in people and for this purpose youth can play a pivotal and effective role in the field of mass communication. Eyes are looking towards youth of contemporary era to step forward by following our Holy contemporary the how that attempt humble a is article This. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet youth can play its role by using means of communication by taking guidance from Prophetic Era to lead media towards right direction.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Conducting Polymers and Metal Oxide/Sulfides Nanoparticles

Organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells (HSCs) have the potential to be economical and portable energy source. Semiconducting nanocrystals are attractive for solar cells as they have tune-able bandgaps and can improve charge separation when blended with the conjugated polymers. This dissertation advances the field of HSCs by documenting device fabrication and physics employing cobalt oxide (Co3O4), chromium oxide (Cr2O3) for the first time in bulk heterojunction active layer. Two main device structures, bulk heterojunction HSCs and perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) were investigated in this research. In both cases the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on morphology, opto-electronic properties and lifetimes was systematically studied. The NPs were synthesized using co-precipitation technique and the average particle size of 29.3-36.7 nm and 10-13 nm was obtained for Co3O4 and Cr2O3 respectively. The active layer of HSCs primarily composed of 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyle-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b] thiophenediyl]][6,6]) (PTB7), [6,6]-phenyle-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) blended with Co3O4 and Cr2O3 separately. An orderly incorporation of NPs in both blends was found to increase the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and conclusively power conversion efficiency (PCE). In PrSCs, methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) was used as main absorber and ZnO and Al:ZnO NPs were used as electron transport layer in addition with PCBM. The NPs interlayer between PCBM and metal electrode increased the overall device performance i.e. PCE and stability. Various characterizations techniques such as short circuit current density vs voltage, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis Abstract 2 spectrophotometry, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been utilized to fully understand the effect of NPs. A substantial increase in absorption and EQE was observed for the devices with metal oxide NPs. The inclusion of NPs also increased the film roughness and was found to form percolation network with in the active layer in case of HSCs that facilitates charge transport.