This study explored the role of teacher constructive feedback in supporting students’ writing skills. The study was conducted in Grade5 in a public school in Karachi. The study employed action research under qualitative research design over the three weeks comprising of three cycles. The data was collected in three main phases: reconnaissance phase, intervention phase and post-intervention phase. The data collection tools were; classroom observations, pre and post-test, focus group discussions, students’ notebook analysis, and my own reflections on classroom teaching. The research was conducted in the entire class however, students’ data i.e. written and oral responses, come from six students, who were selected randomly. The findings earlier indicated that students were not familiar with the different strategies of feedback processes. They were used to get feedback on their drafts from their teacher in a very traditional manner. They were also assuming that the purpose of highlighted errors by a teacher was, to correct and memorize text so that they could produce an error-free draft and could pass their exam with good grades. It was also found that writing skill was the least important skill for them. Based on the findings of the reconnaissance stage, I taught six lessons in three cycles. The overall findings revealed that constructive feedback is the scaffolder, which enables students to strengthen their learning of writing skills. The progress in their understanding of writing through various constructive feedback strategies appeared gradually. For example, the graphic organizer worked as an energizer for the students, verbal and written questioning techniques provided them with the opportunity to think and respond in detail. Similarly, provision with the opportunity to the students for self-assessment and self-reflection was another factor to promote students learning through sharing their views with the teacher. Likewise, teacher descriptive feedback and employment of rubric helped students’ to address their language writing difficulties. It further indicated that both the feedback processes and process writing approach are interlinked and both allowed students to reflect, revisit and reproduce an improved draft. It also pointed out that the teacher timely and ongoing feedback has the potential to develop students’ writing skills, which required a quality time and effort from the teacher. The findings also informed that feedback is not an isolated activity, rather it is an interactive and two-way process where the teacher and student are engaged in the process. However, the traditional and routine way of teaching and assessment
سرتیج بہادر سپرو افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ۲۱؍ جنوری کو ملک کے نامور وکیل اور قانون دان سرتیج بہادر سپرو نے ۷۳ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، عرصہ ہوا ان پر فالج کا حملہ ہوا تھا، جس کے بعد ان کی صحت بگڑ گئی تھی، اور جس نے بالآخر ان کی زندگی کا چراغ گل کردیا، وہ ایک بڑے قانون دان بلکہ قانون ساز اور عالی دماغ مدبر تھے، اپنے پیشہ میں بڑا نام پیدا کیا اور بڑی دولت کمائی اور صوبائی و مرکزی اسمبلیوں سے لے کر وایسرائے کی ایکزیکٹیو کونسل کی لاممبری اور پریوی کونسل کی رکنیت تک کے اعزاز ان کو حاصل ہوئے وہ سیاسیات میں اعتدال پسند تھے۔ اور اس دائرہ کے اندر انھوں نے ملک و قوم کی بھی مفید خدمات انجام دیں اور انہی حیثیتوں سے ان کا ماتم کیا گیا۔ لیکن قومی نقطۂ نظر سے ان کی سب سے بڑھ کر خصوصیت یہ تھی کہ وہ ہندو مسلم اتحاد کے علمبردار اردو زبان کے بڑے حامی و مددگار اور ہماری پرانی مشترک تہذیب کا علمی نمونہ اور اس صوبہ میں غالباً اس کی آخری یادگار تھے اور اس فرقہ پرستی کے زمانہ میں بھی جب کہ بڑے بڑے قوم پرستوں کے قدم ڈگمگا گئے ہیں وہ اپنی جگہ قائم رہے اور مشترک زبان اور مشترک تہذیب کا دامن ان کے ہاتھ سے نہ چھوٹا، اور برسوں ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الٰہ آباد کے صدر رہے، کل ہند انجمن ترقی اردو کے مربی و سرپرست تھے اور تقسیم ہندوستان سے پہلے تک وہ اس کے مستقل صدر تھے، ابھی حال میں انھوں نے اردو زبان کی خدمت کے لئے الٰہ آباد میں روحِ ادب کے نام سے ایک مجلس قائم کی تھی، اردو کی تاریخ میں ان کا یہ فقرہ ہمیشہ یادگار رہے کہ اردو زبان ہندو مسلمانوں کا مشترک اور ناقابل...
Rehabilitation forms an important tire in well operating health care systems. Within the areas as mentioned on the World Health Organisation factsheet about rehabilitation the therapeutic professions such as physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, prosthetists and orthotists and clinical psychologists play an important role. They do not only treat people’s conditions such as diseases, disorders, injuries or trauma, they furthermore promote good health and help to prevent diseases. This can significantly lead to better overall wellbeing of the population. To gain the best client outcome and support the health care system in an effective way, regulation is as important as interprofessional collaboration. Thus there is an intense need to highlight these two main aspects to ensure quality rehabilitation provided by therapeutic professionals.
The study was conducted in two private high schools in district Gilgit of Gilgit-Baltistan to find out headteachers? perceptions and practices about school improvement, their leadership strategies to lead the school improvement initiatives and also the challenges they face to this end. I used a qualitative paradigm with an interpretivist epistemology. Semi-structured interviews, document analysis/review, focused group discussion/interview and participant observations were used as tools for data collection to triangulate the findings. Researcher adopted a thematic approach to data analysis, which helped me to identify the major themes and then to add the sub-themes from across the data.
The findings show that the headteachers perceive school improvement as a sustained data-driven process to improve the schools? academic, administrative affairs and the holistic development of the children. To this end, they applied various strategies starting from developing a joint purpose for school improvement to leading the schools by examples, effective school development plan, capacity building of teachers, regular assessment of students? learning, headteachers? instructional role, parental involvement and changes in school culture and effective monitoring of the schools? affairs, which are equally workable in all context and thus seemed universal in their application for school improvement. The study, however, also found that school improvement initiatives are not like swimming in placid water rather than it is a complex process and therefore, the head teachers face lots of challenges such as, teachers? retention, uncooperative parents, absence of teachers? induction programme, poor economy of parents and lack of residential facilities for non-local teachers. The findings of the study confirmed most of the school improvement studies carried out in Pakistan and abroad. However, two of the findings of this study, i.e., (a) Child holistic development as one of the important elements of school improvement and (b) the headteachers? sustained monitoring mechanisms of school improvement seen value addition to the research studies about School Improvement.