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Studies on Preparation and Characterization of Regenerated Pakistani Waste Oil-Biodiesel Blends

Thesis Info

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Author

Qasim, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

Institute Type

Public

City

Multan

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11408/1/muhammad%20qasim_BZU.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728094339

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Global warming due to fossil fuel emissions, depletion of petroleum product reserves, population growth and crude oil price hikes have stimulated researchers to search for economical and environment friendly alternative energy resources. This study firstly reports the development of a novel, cheap, easy and environmental friendly regeneration method of waste automotive oil. Secondly, efforts were made to convert Pakistani waste oils such as waste engine oil, waste transformer oil, waste tyre pyrolysis oil and waste cooking oil into biodiesel and biodiesel-diesel fuel blends to be used in diesel engines without any engine modification. A new method was developed to regenerate waste automotive engine oils into valuable base oil using cheaply available Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as raw material.Optimum results were observed only with 6% activated RHA. The advantage of using an activated rice husk ash is that it does not react with base oils and involves use of only 1% acetic acid as compared to conventional acid clay method involving the use of 6-8% Conc. H2SO4 which is harmful to the environment. Another advantage of using acetic acid is that it does not emit poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere. Efforts were made to prepare biodiesel like fuel blends derived from pretreated waste engine oil, waste transformer oil, waste tyre pyrolysis oil and waste cooking oil. Experimental investigations on these Pakistani waste oils were carried out in a 5.5kW four-stroke single-cylinder water cooled direct-injection diesel engine for combustion, performance and emission characteristics. Results obtained were compared with those of petroleum diesel. All the fuel blends run in the diesel engine have shown slightly higher fuel consumptions and shorter ignition delays in comparison to petroleum diesel. The engine was successfully operated with waste oil derived biodiesel fuel blends without engine failure but the best performance was observed with CFB10, vii BLF15, BLF20, FMWO10, WCOB10 and WCOB15 biodiesel fuel blends. Biodiesel blends derived from regenerated waste engine oils have shown significantly lower HC, CO and smoke emissions as compared to petroleum based diesel. Biodiesel fuel blends derived from waste transformer oil have indicated lower HC, CO and smoke emissions as 10.92-31.17%, 3.80-6.32% and 1.39-5.21% respectively in comparison to those of petroleum diesel. Fuel blends derived from waste tyre pyrolysis oil have shown 3.12-15.62%, 16.5-33.2% and 1.83 - 4.5% lesser CO, HC and smoke emissions compared to petroleum diesel fuel. Similarly, biodiesel fuel blends derived from waste cooking oil have shown significantly reduced pollutant emissions. All the biodiesel-diesel fuel blends derived from waste oils mentioned above were characterized by FTIR and the results were compared with those of petroleum diesel. Like petroleum diesel, the obtained FTIR analysis results also confirmed the presence of saturated alkanes in the investigated biodiesel fuel blends. Biodiesels derived from regenerated waste oils and their blends were characterized for physico chemical properties using ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material) standard methods and the results were compared with petroleum diesel. Analysis results were found within the permissible limits of biodiesel fuel as specified by European (EN14214) and American (ASTM 6751) standards. Current research demonstrates the beneficial and environment friendly conversion of waste oils into useful commodity i.e. biodiesel to be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines. On the whole, this will reduce hazardous waste oil disposal problems, minimize environmental issues and boost the economy of Pakistan by minimizing its dependence on foreign origin crude oil reserves for mineral diesel fuel.
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وہاں دشمن بھی ہوتے ہیں جہاں پر یار ہوتے ہیں

وہاں دشمن بھی ہوتے ہیں جہاں پر یار ہوتے ہیں
جہاں پہ پھول ہوتے ہیں ، وہیں پر خار ہوتے ہیں

پتہ اُن کا اگر چاہو مرے ہر زخم سے پوچھو
جدھر سے تیر آتا ہے وہیں سرکار ہوتے ہیں

مقدر میں جو سختی ہو تو ایسا ہو ہی جاتا ہے
وہی گھر لوٹ لیتے ہیں جو پہریدار ہوتے ہیں

میں افشا راز کر سکتا ہوں تیری بزم کے ظالم
کہ میں سب جانتا ہوں جو بھی کاروبار ہوتے ہیں

جہاں والوں کے دل میں ہم نے تائبؔ جی یہ دیکھا ہے
انھیں کی یاد ہوتی ہے جو باکردار ہوتے ہیں

PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT IN POSTNATAL WOMEN

Background: The postnatal period starts at the time when a mother gives birth to a baby; all changes that occur during pregnancy come back to a normal state like hormonal levels, size of the uterus, and weight. According to WHO this is the most ignorant period for postnatal women and their children by the society which is a bitter reality that’s why death is common in many mothers and children during the postnatal period. In Physical therapy, Gynecological rehabilitation is an important part of treatment and also a topic of consideration for referrals to doctors in the postnatal period to improve the issues related to postnatal women. Objective: To enhance the knowledge regarding the role of Physical therapy in the postnatal period of women. Search Strategy: This is a review article with extracts from various search engines like PubMed, CDC, MP, MCHI, Google scholar, Sci-Hub, etc. It is used to increase the knowledge regarding various treatment options in physical therapy that are helpful for postnatal women without causing side effects. Conclusion: Physical therapy consists of many interventions that can be beneficial, and it improves the quality of life of postnatal women.

Triple Test Assessment and a Scoring System to Predict the Presence of Breast Cancer at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Breast cancer is an emerging health concern in Africa. It is the most common female cancer in Kenya. The accuracy of the diagnostic modalities in our institution has not been previously assessed, especially in cases where components of the Triple Test (TT) are non-concordant. Objectives: To retrospectively evaluate the accuracy of TT, its components and its modification; the Triple Test Score when the components are nonconcordant at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods: Using ICD9 611.72 we identified patients with breast lump or mass in the period between January 2000 and July 2007. One hundred and thirty nine patients who had all the three components of TT with a complete histology report were recruited. Negative results for each component (Clinical Breast Examination, Mammography, and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) were awarded a score of 1 and positive results, each scored 2, 3 and 5 for CBE, mammogram and FNAC respectively. Results: Eighty three patients had non-concordant results. Forty two out of the 56 remaining were concordant for malignancy and 14 were concordant for benign disease. The sensitivities and specificities for the components were 83% & 72%, 53% & 72% and 88% & 75% for CBE, mammography and FNAC respectively. TT had sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 100%. A score of 8-10 (n=92) accurately predicted malignancy 94.4% of the time (Positive Predictive Value). A score of 5-7 (n=28) was only 64.3% accurate in predicting malignancy (Positive Predictive value). A score of 3-4 (n=19) predicted benign disease accurately 89.5% of the time (Negative Predictive Value). Conclusion: TT and its modification, the TTS can guide evaluation and management of palpable breast masses in AKUH. A TT result merits further evaluation with a tru-cut biopsy. A prospective study that validates the concept and further improves the results will be appropriate.