This research was designed to explore the liquidity management mechanisms and practices of Islamic banks in order to gain an insight of difficulties being faced by the Islamic banks in managing liquidity with the ultimate objective of finding Shari’ah compliant way-outs of such difficulties. This research has developed following econometric models (i) Liability Model—that identifies liquidity behaviours of Islamic banking depositors; (ii) Asset Model—that identifies liquidity behaviours of both the Islamic bankers and entrepreneurs; (iii) Liquidity Reserves Model—that explores factors determining the Islamic banks’ optimal liquidity reserves; and (iv) Liquidity DemandSupply Models—that investigate the resilience of the Islamic banking industry by considering different scenarios of unanticipated liquidity withdrawals. This research has found that: (a) Sukūk are the widely used liquidity management instruments by IFIs; (b) IFIs invest their excess liquidity by means of Mudārabah and Wakālah based mechanisms; (c) Commodity Murābahah is another widely used liquidity management instrument; (d) In Malaysia, there are various liquidity management instruments available, which are based on contracts of Bay’ al-‘īnah and Bay’ al-Dayn; (e) conventional liquidity management instruments are debt-based securities, therefore, are not Shari’ah compliant due to the involvement of Islamically prohibited Ribā and Bay’ al-Dayn. This research has found the liquidity behaviours of Islamic banking depositors and Islamic bankers as follows: (a) Islamic banking depositors are classified into the following three segments: (i) depositors with religious motives; (ii) depositors with profit motives; and (iii) depositors with transactional motives; (b) Islamic banking depositors withdraw their funds: (i) to fulfil their transactional needs; (ii) to relocate their term deposits’ tenor for a higher return; (iii) to shift their term deposits into other Islamic banks offering higher returns; and (iv) to place their deposits in their conventional bank’s accounts for a higher return; (c) Islamic banks, on liability side, apply following two approaches: (i) liquidity reserves are maintained for meeting the regular liquidity demands; and (ii) extra liquidity reserves are retained for meeting any unanticipated liquidity demands and for the purpose of safe sailing in times of liquidity run; (d) Islamic banks, on asset side, manage liquidity by: (i) preferring financing proposals of previously well-performed projects; (ii) requiring Rahn (collateral) or Kafālah (guarantee); (iii) preferring short-term financing; (iv) preferring to finance existing account holders; and (v) regularly monitoring the performance of their business partners; (e) Islamic banks would respond to the liquidity withdrawals exceeding the liquidity reserves by: (i) interbank borrowings or borrowing from the parent bank; (ii) selling Sukūk; (iii) withdrawing fund placements in other banks; and (iv) using bank’s equity. If further liquidity is required, Islamic banks would use emergency liquidity facility from State Bank and ask depositors to wait for extra days.
پندھ ورتی دی گڑھتی مینوں اپنے ابا جی ولوں ملی جو کہ اک اُچ پدھر دے یاتری سن۔ دنیا دے وکھ وکھ دیساں دی یاترا توں وکھ اپنے شوق نوں پورا کرن لئی 1958وچ پنڈ قندیل تحصیل بحرین ضلع سوات وچ گھر وی بنوایا۔ جتھے ہر سال گرمیاں دی رُتے اپنے متراں نال جاندے سن۔ فیر جدوں میں ہوش سنبھالی تاں کدے کدے ضد کر کے اوہناں دے نال ٹر جاندا ساں۔ انج مینوں ربی قدرت (پہاڑ، دریا، چشمے، مینہ،برف تے لینڈ سلائنڈنگ) نوں بہوں نیڑیوں ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ سمے دے نال نال میری ایہہ دل چسپی ودھ دی گئی تے میں پنجویں جماعت وچ پہلی وار اپنے سکول دے استاد دی چھتر چھانویں تریموں ہیڈ ضلع جھنگ دی یاترا کیتی۔ ایس توں پچھوں چھیویں جماعت وچ مڑ استاداں نال چنیوٹ شہر (شاہی مسیت تے احمد ھیات دا محل) تے دریا ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ میں اکلا نویں جماعت وچ ساں جدوں اپنے جماعتی خالد محمود (اوہدوں اوہناں دیاں چھ بساں کوہستان کمپنی وچ چل دیاں سن)نال پنڈی یاترا لئی گیا۔ ایس یاترا وچ راول پنڈی ،اسلام آباد توں وکھ ٹیکسلا، حسن ابدال، واہ کینٹ تے مری گھمن دا موقع ملیا جس دا مینوں رج کے آنند آیا۔ ایس توں مگروں اک لما ٹور اوہدوں ہویا جدوں اپنے نکے ویر محمود احمد نوں ٹی بی دے روگ وجھوں ڈاڈر سے آرمی سینی ٹوریم وچ بھرتی کروایاتے انج مینوں مانسہرہ، شنکیاری تے شاراں وادی نوں بہوں اندر جا کے ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ تن مہینے ایس وادی وچ رہن مگروں ہر سال دو وار ویر دے چیک اپ لئی جناح روڈ ایبٹ آباد ڈاکٹر تاج محمد دے کلینک جانا ہوندا سی۔ جے کر ڈاکٹر صاحب نے ویر نوں اپنے کلینک گھٹ ہسپتال وچ کجھ دیہاڑیاں لئی بھرتی کر لیناں تاں...
The objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence consumers' decisions to purchase Wardah cosmetics in Pekanbaru city. The sample size consisted of 100 participants selected using the accidental sampling technique. This study aimed to be unbiased, clear, and concise, utilizing a formal register and precise language to ensure comprehension. The data analysis employed quantitative multiple linear regression, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that product quality has an impact on the decision to purchase Wardah cosmetics in the city of Pekanbaru. The customer's perception of prices also affects their decision to purchase the said cosmetics, as well as promotions. The independent variables, namely product quality, price perception, and promotion, have a significant impact on the dependent variable, i.e., purchasing decision, concerning Wardah Cosmetics in Pekanbaru city. The R Square value of 0.845 or 84.5% indicates that the purchasing decision is influenced by product quality, price, and promotion while 15.5% is attributable to other variables not considered in this study.
Simulation of scientific problems is an important aspect of natural and engineering sciences. Simulations demanding higher accuracy or involving larger data sets require higher computing power. Complex mathematical models involving partial differential equations (PDEs) from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are some examples of these simulations. The conventional serial computers are not able to meet the increasing demand of computation power for such applications and the only rescue is parallel or high-performance computing. This study presents research regarding parallel numerical solution of PDEs. Message Passing Interface (MPI) clusters and Graphic Processor Units (GPUs) being the leading platforms for parallel computing were used for simulation of results. The research begins with the unified analysis of the existing parallel iterative algorithms using MPI. A set of diverse PDEs was solved using the MPI cluster. After getting an insight of iterative methods for MPI platform, the parallel system with shared memory architecture was experimented. The most advent platform in this regard is GPUs having thousands of concurrent running cores along with many Giga bytes (GBs) of memory. 3D Laplace equation was solved using twelve different kernels to exploit the memory hierarchy of GPU and an efficient technique involving surfacing pointer’s capability of GPU was materialized. The GPU kernel exhibiting said features gained a speedup of 70 as compared to serial version of same program running on Intel core i5 processor. The derived technique was further extended to simulate the compressible, high-speed flows modeled by Navier Stokes equations using GPU. Four different structured geometries were modeled; the governing equations were solved using modified RK4 method and TVD scheme was used for shockwave capturing. The derived technique was also used to simulate the flow in micro channel using Lattice Boltzmann Method. The GPU results show a speedup of 23 and 77 as compared with serial variants of codes running on conventional core i5®CPU for both cases respectively. It is evident from obtained results that the performance of CFD and other compute intensive application can be enhanced many folds by using the devised technique involving surface pointers in GPU computation.