The question of religious freedom and human rights has always been a corner stone of wide ranging discussions and an issue of immense importance in 20th century .Once viewed in overall realm of history, it predominantly figures out that issue offreedom of religion and worship always remained universal, self evident and inalienable. Notwithstanding the upheavals of civilizations liberty and choice of religion and dogmas perpetually remained consistent and irrevocable. Nature conferred liberty leaving at the absolute discretion of human beings to decide the discourse of life they wish to adopt. As a consequence of relentless and undaunted struggle by the flag bearers of human Rights, the right of freedom of religion is universally acclaimed through various international Conventions and Charters. Practicing a particular religion and worshipping God of own choice without any impediment is deemed an inalienable right of every human being. However in stark contrast to internationally accepted norms and principles, flagrant infringement to this unquestionable right in some of the intolerant civilizations and states portrays a disgusting picture. Believably lack of tolerance stems out of rigidity, myopic mindedness, and stagnancy. Those societies which do not let vent in the fresh ideas and appreciate divergent thoughts consequently plunge into deep ignominy of ignorance and darkness. As history bears testimony to the fact that unrelenting fanaticism and prejudices prevalent in various systems of mythologies, schools of thoughts and religions commonly stems out of intolerance and outright stubbornness subsequently leading to indiscriminate persecution and ultimate destruction of societies. Glaring examples of current history are State of India and Burma, where people are being indiscriminately persecuted purely due to divergence of faith. In sharp contrast to the intolerance, it is an irrefutable fact that Islam and its laws are pluralistic and coexistent. It fervently supports the freedom of religion, beliefs and diversifying theological systems. In an Islamic society, the life, property and honour of a Covenant holder (Dhimmi) is fully protected and respected exactly like that of a Muslim. Covenant holders (Dhimmis) will have full freedom of conscience and belief and will be at an absolute liberty to perform their religious rites and ceremonies in their own way. Truly, Islam and equity are synonymous to each other as indicative of the spirit, which it echoes, when even a non Muslim could not only conceptualizeits own ideas and beliefs but is fully permitted to positively advance dissenting ideas with decency and while remaining within the precincts of morality. The notion being perpetrated against Islam that it advocates extermination of every non Muslim from the surface of earth is nefariously aimed at tarnishing the true image of most benevolent and humane religion of Islam. Citing the precedent set forth in Pakistan, it is an undeniable fact that Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan explicitly recognizes the rights of Religious Minorities, while fully guaranteeing them the freedom of belief and faith, protecting and maintaining their places of worship and religious institutions. In consonance of various Constitutional Articles there shall be no discrimination (irrespective of being Muslim or non Muslim) on the grounds of race, religion, caste, sex etc. State shall be bound to safeguard their legitimate rights and their representation in Federal and Provincial legislative bodies. There is no, however, denying the fact that quite frequently grievances against the Misuse of Blasphemy Laws come to surface thereby Minorities misconstrue to be marginalized by the predominant Muslim Population. Going deep down to the problem, it appears to be a misperception. Both, state and saner elements of the society, firmly believe in equitable and just treatment to be meted out to Minorities and no discrimination and misuse under the garb of Blasphemy law is ever permitted. In an attempt to unleash negative propaganda against Muslims and Islam vociferous voices to repeal the Blasphemy Laws are raised which is totally irrational, illogical and unacceptable to majority Muslim Population. The contention against discriminate use of law is the utmost responsibility of state to effectively put in force the criminal justice system to obviate the chances of injustice and abuse of law. This has very rightly been pointed out and enforced by the superior judiciary through their various unambiguous, binding and authoritative judgments.
حفیظ الرحمان احسنؔ(۱۹۳۴ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام حفیظ الرحمان اور احسن ؔتخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور کے ایک مذہبی گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۵۹ء میں اسلامیہ کالج سول لائن لاہور سے ایم۔اے عربی کیا اور گورنمنٹ انٹر میڈیٹ کالج فیصل آبادمیں عربی لیکچرا ر کی حیثیت سے تعینات ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۳ء میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں عربی کے لیکچرا ر کے طورپر تقرری ہوئی۔ ۱۹۶۶ء میں لاہور میں ایوانِ ادب ادارہ قائم کیا۔ (۸۳۴) حفیظ الرحمن احسنؔ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’ننھی منھی خوبصورت نظمیں‘‘ ایوانِ ادب لاہور سے ۱۹۸۳ء کو شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’فصلِ زیاں‘‘ سدا بہار پبلشرز لاہور نے ۱۹۹۰ء میں طبع کیا۔ ’’ستارہ شامِ ہجراں‘‘ ،’’موجِ سلسبیل‘‘ ،’’نغماتِ طفلی‘‘،’’غبار خزاں‘‘،’’نوائے راز‘‘ ،’’ارشحاتِ تسنیم‘‘ اور ’’کلامِ احسن‘‘ احسنؔ کے سات شعری مجموعے غیر مطبوعہ ہیں۔ احسنؔ نے اردو میں تمام موضوعات میں عمدہ شاعری کی ہے مگر ادبی حلقوں میں ان کی وجہ شہرت خاص طورپر ان کی مزاحمتی شاعری ہے۔ وہ غزل کے شاعر ہیں اور انھوں نے اپنی غزل میں اپنی ملت کی ترجمانی کی ہے۔ حفیظ کے پیرائیہ اظہار کی غزل میں دو انداز نمایاں ہیں۔ایک تو غزل کے روایتی محبوب کا وہ تصوراتی پیکر ہے جو ہماری غزل کا سرمایہ خاص رہا ہے۔ جس میں عشوہ طرازی، عشاق کشی اور ہرجائی پن کی صفات ایک سیاسی راہنما کی ذات کو وسیلہ اظہار بناتی ہیں۔ اس طرزِ کلام میں ایک خاص طرح کی شوخی ،جدت ،گرمی اور سرشاری دکھائی دیتی ہے۔ کچھ اشعار پیشِ خدمت ہیں: نہ تھے ہم خوش گماں تُجھ سے خبر یہ بھی نہ تھی لیکن لبِ اغیار پریوں بھی تر افسانہ آئے گا(۸۳۵)
کم نوائی پر نہ جا طوفاں اُٹھا سکتے ہیں ہم ضبط ہے کچھ اور خوئے بے زبانی اور ہے(۸۳۶)
The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), introduced in 2008-09, is a unique cash support scheme for economically stressed families. Its uniqueness arises from several facets. The cash transfers are provided only to women aged over 18 years and have been ever married. It is unconditional and aimed at supplementing income as opposed to alleviating poverty. It was politically neutral, given that the facility to identify potential beneficiaries was extended to all parliamentarians, irrespective of party affiliation. A set of filters, applied electronically, ensured objectivity in beneficiary selection. Disbursement mechanism was automated to ensure minimal leakage. This paper outlines the process of the preparatory work that went into designing BISP – the conceptual debates, the beneficiary identification and disbursement procedures, etc. – involving a combination of high quality research with political decision making. It also addresses the debates surrounding BISP, cites independent empirical studies that show that the parliamentarian-based beneficiary selection mechanism was efficient and equitable and did indeed cover the deserving, and also responds to the variety of criticisms. ______
In this work, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopic Technique was applied for detection of heavy metals and other contaminants in solid and liquid samples. This technique was applied for qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of elemental concentration present in test samples. A special chamber was designed and fabricated for analysis of solid samples in which provisions were made for insertion of sample, its rotation, evacuation, and introduction of various gases at different pressures. The LIBS system was calibrated and applied for determination of contaminants present in the samples in the pellet forms. Then the system was applied for sample collected from sites such as crude oil waste dump, greenhouse soil, oil spilled contaminated site, mine ore waste, iron slag, and chromium contaminated site from different locations of Saudi Arabia. The role of various binding material in the LIBS performance for trace elemental analysis of powder samples was also investigated. The influence of ambient environment such as pressure, temperature, nature of buffer gas on emission feature of solid sample was studied as well. Prior to LIBS application to the actual samples, the important parameters influencing LIBS performance were optimized. In this regard the effect of laser energy, distance between fiber optics and target material, limit of detection, precision, accuracy, repeatability, delay time were optimized. The concentrations detected with our LIBS system were verified by the conventional method such as ICP and the relative accuracy of the system for various elements was compared and found in the range of 0.03 - 0.6 at 2.5 % error confidence. Most of the elements under investigation showed maximum signal intensity at delay time between 4.0 and 5.5 μs and laser pulse energy between 20 mJ to 140 mJ. Prior to application of LIBS the plasma parameters such as temperature and electron density were also measured as these parameters play vital role in the sensitivity of LIBS system. The plasma temperature for iron slag sample was estimated using Boltzman plot of LIBS intensity for neutral iron lines and Stark broadening. The maximum plasma temperature and electron densities at 40 mJ energy was 5554 K and 1.46 x 1016 cm-3, respectively for these samples. In order to analyze the liquid samples different setups were developed and tested. The aim of fabricating the setup for liquid samples analysis was to keep the LIBS system simple, and to improve accuracy & limit of detection of elements under investigation. Calibration curves for metals of interest were drawn from standard solution of these metals in distilled water. Later, the system was applied for quantitative detection of contaminants in wastewater samples collected from paint industry, syringe manufacturing industry and dairy plant. The results obtained with our LIBS setup were comparable with that obtained from ICP. The experience gained through this work can be useful for the development of a portable LIBS system for on-line analysis of contaminated sites with heavy metals for improvement of the environment and controlling the pollution at industrial sites.