Role of Tehrīk-E- Mujahedin in Promotion of Two Nation Theory: An Analysis of Freedom Movement in the Light of Islamic Teachings

It is a historical fact that wherever the Muslims went; they were considered as a distinct community from others due to their strong Islamic identity, which is called Two Nation Theory. Muslims, due to this Islamic Ideology, conquered Subcontinent and ruled over there more than one millennium. They successfully ruled the Indian Subcontinent till the Two Nation Theory was alive in their minds. When Mughal Emperor, Akbar tried to demolish this Theory by introducing his new, fake, fabricated and heretical religion, named as “Dīn-e-Akbari" or “Dīn-i-Ilāhī”. The renowned Islamic scholar Sheikh Mujaddid Alif Sānī challenged this so-called innovated religion. After that Shāh WalīUllāh Muḥaddith Dehlavī worked against this innovative and heretical religion. After it, the first organized movement was established by Shāh Abdul‘Azīz, the son of Shāh WalīUllāh in 1820 AD. This Movement played a dynamic role in Muslim's Renaissance in the Subcontinent. It also played a vital role to promote Two Nation Theory and major Muslim movements got inspiration from it. Although, this movement was crushed at Bālākōt in 1831 AD, but it left comprehensive impacts across the Muslim world, especially, in Indian Subcontinent. This movement kindled a flame of freedom in the Muslims of Subcontinent. Historically, this Movement has a practical participation in the Independence movement of Pakistan. As we see its role at the time of Referendum in the North-Western Frontier Province in 1947. It is an irrefutable historical fact that the leadership of Pakistan’s Movement, especially, Allāma Muhammad Iqbāl, was much influenced by Sayyīd Shahīd’s Movement. Therefore, this study presents a missing link between the Pakistan Freedom Movement and the Two Nation Theory. This study reflects historical and analytical approaches and its application frequently. In this study effort are made to explore the historical link between the Two Nation Theory and Tehrīk e Mujahedeen as well as its dynamic role during the period of Freedom Movement of Pakistan in Indian Subcontinent.

Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks: A Potential Game Perspective

In wireless cognitive radio networks, natural antagonism arises among unlicensed users when nodes opportunistically compete for unused frequency bands and the operations are seriously hampered by acute scarcity of resources. The transmitted power, which is inherently pertinent to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, cog- nition methodology, and lack of central management, must be preserved for longer network lifetime. In the midst of this struggle to acquire desired frequency band, where the performance of the entire network is dependent upon the behavior and etiquette exhibited by individual nodes, it is pivotal to introduce an e ective cooper- ation mechanism in order to improve the vital network parameters. In this work, we employ the concepts of game theory to develop an e cient and sustainable coopera- tion mechanism for e cient cognition and improved spectrum utilization. Instead of focusing merely on the interference a user observes, cooperation is ensured by taking into consideration the amount of interference a user creates for other network users. With the introduction of unlicensed users in licensed bands, the operations and interests of licensed users need to be protected, hence the spectrum owners are given an advantage and control over the multiple access policy. We address the problems in spectrum access and channel selection equilibrium in a leader-follower setup. In contrast to the game formulations that lack e cient power and pricing schemes, we present a cooperative Stackelberg potential game for cognitive players. A dynamic cost function is articulated to induce awareness in players to mitigate the e ects of sel sh choices in spectrum access while at the same time steer the distributive network towards achieving Nash equilibrium. The proposed scheme is mutually bene cial for i ii all players and focuses on improving the network performance and power e ciency. We design the network potential function such that the nodes have performance based incentives to cooperate and achieve a Nash equilibrium solution for e cient channel acquisition and capacity. Simulation results show fast convergence in channel selection strategies and increase in capacity for the entire network. In order to avoid anarchy in this uncontrolled and sometimes hostile environment, it is important to inhibit the nodes in making potentially risky decisions that may eventually jeopardize the stability and performance of the entire network. We present a game theoretic approach to combat the e ects of uncontrolled and sel sh behav- ior exhibited by cognitive network nodes. A sustainable solution is proposed that employs nonlinear learning in conjunction with potential function to alleviate the im- plications of disruptive behavior that is usually demonstrated in the access of scarce spectrum resources. The regret information in decision making is exploited along with history statistics to minimize information exchange and achieve swift convergence of strategies. Moreover, incorporating learning allows the cognitive players to select the channels in a simultaneous fashion instead of waiting for their turns to change their channel choices. This considerably reduces the delay in achieving network stability.