Genghis Khan (1162-1227), Mongolia’s great emperor, ruled over large parts of the world for a long period of time. He had, under his banner, nomadic tribes and desert people. For controlling, uniting and disciplining the variant people and ruling over them, he framed a conventional constitution named “Yasa” (Holy laws), which was comprised of primitive traditions, customs, laws and Genghis Khan’s own insights and decisions. Every subject was obliged to abide by the rules of the said constitution. “Pashtunwali” is the Comprehensive customary law of the way of life of Pashtuns. Pashtuns call their supreme morals, merits, actions, customs, civilization and values as “Pashtunwali”. Pashtuns are mandated to live their life according to “Pashtunwali”.Both Mongols and Pashtuns had their own distinct ways of life and conventional constitutions, which the Mongols called “Yasa” and the Pashtun’s “Pashtunwali”. For centuries, no amendment was made possible in both these constitutions. But it was only after they embraced Islam that we see some changes made in their conventional constitutions. Because the “Yasa” was to some extent, according to Islam while the Pashtunwali too was mostly according to Islam. So the followers of the two constitutions, therefore, did not find it hard to act upon the message of Islam. Therefore, the need of the hour is that both the conventional constitutions of Mongols and Pashtun be analyzed in Islamic perspective so as to find out what they shared with the teachings of Islam and where they differed. Furthermore, we shall be able to explore, through this research, the aspects that the Pashtuns and Mongols shared intellectually.
مولانا شاہ عزالدین مجیبی/مولانا مفتی عتیق احمد فرنگی محلی اس واقعہ سے چند روز پہلے یعنی مئی میں ہندوستان کے دواوربلند پایہ علماء کابھی انتقال ہوگیا،ایک مولانا شاہ عزالدین صاحب مجیبی اوردوسرے مولانا مفتی عتیق احمد فرنگی محلی۔ اوّل الذکرنے ندوۃ میں تعلیم پائی تھی، استعداد پختہ تھی، فقہ اور حدیث میں بڑااچھا درک رکھتے تھے۔ گزشتہ سال ہی انہیں صدر جمہوریہ کی طرف سے عربی اسکالر کی حیثیت سے ایوارڈ ملا تھا۔ قومی معاملات ومسائل میں حصہ لیتے رہتے تھے۔قیام خانقاہ مجیبہ پھلواری شریف میں رہتا اوروہیں درس و افتا کاکام کرتے رہتے۔ برہان کے بڑے قدردان تھے اوراسی وجہ سے ایڈیٹر برہان سے محبت کرتے تھے۔ ثانی الذکر فرنگی محل کے کاروان بہار کی آخری نشانی تھے۔بلند پایہ عالم اور بڑے فاضل بزرگ تھے۔ فرنگی محلی کے مفتی تھے اور اسی کے مدرسہ میں جواب برائے نام رہ گیا ہے، درس واہتمام کی خدمت بھی انجام دیتے تھے۔ گوشہ نشین اورقناعت پیشہ بزرگ تھے۔ [جون۱۹۷۷ء]
The comprehension of the message of the Holy Qur’ān is obligatory for the whole of humanity which is revealed in the Arabic language. Scholars all over the world, Muslims as well as non-Muslims have devoted their best efforts to translate the word of Allah Almighty in different languages of the world, although absolute translation is not possible. These translations from Arabic to other languages of the world result into pragmatic losses. Small wonder, these pragmatic losses cause problems in the process of understanding the actual message of the Holy Qur’ān enshrined in the source text. This study was conducted to analyze the pragmatic losses in the English translations of Sūrah Ikhlāṣ (chapter 112) through a comparative pragma-linguistic analysis. Three different translations have been selected for the study. A comparative and critical study of these translations has established the presence of certain pragmatic losses which are likely to bear upon the comprehension of the reader in more than one way. To the researchers, the presence of these losses calls for the greater sensitivity towards and understanding of the pragmatic aspects of interlingual translation, specifically for a text which in its primordial form was intended to be a Speech (Kalām). To retain the pragmatic value and meaning of the source text become all the more paramount when the text translated is sacred one with its own canonical conventions and discursive norms.
In this thesis, a theoretical analysis has been presented for the calendering process of incompressible Newtonian and non-Newtonian materials when they pass through the small gap between two counter rotating rolls. The calendering phenomena of a material flow between two co-rotating rolls to produce sheets of specific thickness and final appearance is an important process in many industries, such as the plastics, paper, rubber and steel industries for the production of rolled sheets of specific thickness and final appearance. In particular, the calendering of molten polymers is a process for the production of continuous sheet or film by squeezing the melt between a pair of heated counter-rotating rolls. A bench-top apparatus simulates the process. In this study two types of calendering processes are considered. In the first process, a molten material is transformed into a sheet by passing through a pair of rollers, whereas in second process a uniform film of liquid is deposited on a moving sheet. These two processes are quite similar, there is a convergingdiverging character to the kinematics, and we can expect the dynamics to be similar to that described in the first process. The major difference is in the character of the separation region, where the material splits and adheres to both moving surfaces. In the first process, it is assumed that the material separates clearly from the roll, whereas, in a second process, it is assumed that the material evenly wets both the roll and the sheet. The lubrication approximation theory (LAT) is outlined together with its calculations for viscoelastic and viscoplastic materials. Measurements of the gap between the roll surfaces, velocity and pressure profiles, film thickness, roll-separating force and power input to the rolls were made for a known roll speed and external load. The control of these engineering parameters are of excessive significance during the manufacture process.The goal of this work is to develop various mathematical models to characterize the effect of various materials in the calendering process.