قرآن مجید کی تلاوت، نقل و حمل اور خط وطباعت میں طہارت کی شرط کا فقہی تجزیہ

The Islamic scholars have identified several rules which deal with the reciting and reading of the Quran and touching/handling the al-Mushaf: the script of the Quran. One of the most important prerequisites, as viewed by the classical Sunni schools of Islamic law, is taharat, which includes both the physical cleanliness—by ablution (wudu) or complete body wash (ghusl) or both—and the purification of thought from allkinds of disbelief (shirk). By extending the rule of taharat, the mainstream Sunni jurists categorically forbid all non-Muslims from touching the Quran; although they are allowed to touch and read its translation as well as to listen to its recitation. This paper analyzes the views of the mainstream jurists and argues for reappraisal of several aspects of the said condition of taharat for both Muslims and non-Muslims, relying upon those jurists whose views are though different from the mainstream but are more practicable and closer to the objectives of the Islamic Sharia today.

A Model for Smart Flood Monitoring System of Systems

Natural disasters affect millions of peoples every year around the globe. These include flood, fire, earthquake, windstorm etc. These disasters are different in nature but in the end, they cause damage to human lives, economy, properties and health. Diversity in the nature of these calamities also requires different ways to monitor them and to mitigate the damages they cause. Floods, among other disasters, are the most common hazards that leave nothing but destruction behind. In addition to an effective evacuee plan, forecast information and keeping the communication up even when the flood is at its climax, helps the citizens survive through a flood situation. Thus damages can be reduced significantly and it also helps to seek aid, food and shelter in a better way. Furthermore, such information serves as a learning source and helps planning ahead for the future floods. Smart Flood Monitoring System-of-Systems (SoS) is a flood monitoring and rescue system. It collects a large amount of information from weather and flood onlookers and observers. This information is then made available as alerts to the citizens before the flood, to plan ahead and during the disaster for getting help and to support rehabilitation process. System also maintains communication with the authorities for disaster management, social services and public utilities (collectively referred to as ?emergency responders?) to synchronize their support and rescue efforts with the community needs. The proposed approach satisfies three conditions imposed by the definition of SoS i.e. autonomy, geographic distribution and constant evolution of components. Main focus of the proposal is to specify, design and formally verifying a smart SoS model of flood monitoring to communicate the right information to the right people at the right place well in time. Smart Flood Monitoring System-of-Systems (SoS) is verified by constructing Timed Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) using CPN Tools 4.0.0. Model checking is done by specifying the safety properties in Finite Space Processes (FSP) and analyzing them by Labeled Transition System Analyzer (LTSA) 3.0. This formal verification will ensure the correctness properties of the proposed model.