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اردو مضمون نگاری میں پاکستانیت کے عناصر کیم-ا-پاکستان تا ٢٠١٥ .

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Wadood, Abdul

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Urdu Language and Literature

Language

Urdu

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13728/1/Abdul_Wadood_Urdu_HSR_2018_NUML.pdf

Other

Romanized Title: Urdu Mazmoon Nigari Main Pakistaniyet Kay Anaasir (Kayam-E-Pakistan Ta 2015) .

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676728126478

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Aligarh movement was started / initiated with the essay writings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan during 19th century. This movement was the precession of literary reforms and discourse of prose writings. In Urdu literary classics none of the kind of the Urdu prose, exists which have had disseminated its impact immediately. Therefor, Sir Syed Ahmed introduced a magazine and named it “Tehzeb-ul-Ikhlak” in which his contemporizes wrote essays. After the establishment of Pakistan many factors were inculcated in the Pakistani (Urdu) literature, which were very pivotal for its masses / people, culture social norms and ideology. This is how Pakistanism was revealed as Pakistani culture, Pakistani norms, Pakistani ideology and Pakistani literature, which had a great impact on the other nations on the globe. As the minorities have achieved a homeland on the basis of one ideology which was the baseline of innovative and popular essay writings of this era. Essay writing was begin in march 1571 by a French philosopher Moneton and named it “Essay”. After seventeen years a British writer Beckon started writing in same style, English and gradually this writer become popular among various languages throughout the world. In the subcontinent the term “Essay” writing was introduced for the first time by Master Ram Chand in his magazine Fawayed-ul-Nazreen in 1845, but most of the essay included in this magazine were science essays. After wards Sir Syed Ahmed launched a magazine Tehzeb-ul-Ikhlak by the inspiration of British magazines the spectator and tetlor. Due to the Journalist background my connection to essay writing gets firmed and it further links with column writing. It was my dive wish to identify the Pakistanism in the Urdu essay writings which acts as the pillar in the framework of Pakistan. The basic period of this thesis is after establishment of Pakistan till 2015. The thesis divided into five chapters. The first chapter contains the introduction topic, rules and disubbies, the basic elements of Pakistanism (introduction and boundaries). In the second chapter discussion of Pakistan nationalism in Urdu writer the debates of Pakistan Nationalism after establishment of Pakistan (Primary natives). The third chapter included the discussion of Pakistan culture in the Urdu literature. The fourth chapter consists of discussion of essay on Pakistan culture, the discussion on Pakistanism in literature, literary movements and debates in Pakistan, movements, culture, a detail discussion on theories and ideas of important article writers. The fifth chapter contemis complete overviews, results and recommendations.
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میں جو سوئے عیش رواں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

میں جو سوئے عیش رواں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا
مجھے کیوں نہ اس کا گماں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

میرے دل میں کوئی مقیم تھا یہی سود تھا
یہ جو خالی دل کا مکاں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

تری بے رُخی کا جو بار تھا کوئی کم نہ تھا
یہی بار بارِ گراں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

مجھے شوقِ دیدِ حرم نہیں یہ ستم نہیں؟
مجھے شوقِ کوئے بتاں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

میری کلفتیں جو نہاں رہیں یہ تو ٹھیک تھا
مرا درد ہے جو عیاں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

وہ تو مہربانی سے کہہ رہے تھے بیاں کرو
جو نہ حال مجھ سے بیاں ہوا، یہ زیاں ہوا

معاشرتی امن و امان میں پختون روایتی مصالحت اور تحکیم کا کردار: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.

Improvement of Yield Attributes, Oil and Protein Contents in Sunflower Helianthus Annuus L. Through Biometrical Genetic Analysis

Sunflower is a major oil seed crop in which genetic variance could be exploited considerably for higher seed yield, oil contents and protein percentage by evolving superior F1 hybrids.The best F1 hybrids however can be obtained by crossing inbred parents with good general and specific combining ability due to higher additive, dominance and complementary epistatic genes. Foremost improvement in sunflower breeding requires the urgency in developing the heterotic hybrids which may achieved by exploiting combining ability and hybrid vigour in F1 hybrids developed from crossing genetically diverse female lines with male restorers. The sunflower F1 hybrids are considered more stable, uniform in plant stand, highly self-fertile, extremely productive in terms of seed yields, oil content, earlier in maturity, resistant to lodging, diseases and insect-pests. The present studies were carried-out at experimental field of Oil Seeds Section Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam from 2009 to 2011. Six cytoplasmic male sterile female lines viz. ARG-0306,64-A-93, PSF-025, SF-187, ARG-0405 and ARG-0505 and three testers RHP-46, RHP-64 and ARG-0106were crossed in a line x tester mating design, thus 18 cross combinations were developed for evaluation and genetic analysis. The characters studied were; days to 50% flowering, days to 90% maturity, plant height, stem girth, head diameter, number of achenes plant-1, 1000-achene weight, seed yield plant-1, seed yield in kg ha-1, oil content and protein percentage. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents, F1 hybrids and parents vs. hybrids for phenological, seed yield traits, oil content and protein percentage in F1 and F2 hybrids. The significance of mean squares due to parents vs. hybrids recorded for all the traits studied suggested the scope of heterosis breeding in sunflower, whilst the significant differences for lines x tester interactions indicated the importance of specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids which suggested the involvement of dominant genes in the expression of studied traits. The significant mean squares due to lines and testers both determine the general combining ability (GCA) revealed the predominance effect of additive genes advocating the traits. Significant genetic variability among the plant traits is particularly valuable because variations in plant traits would allow further improvement in sunflower seed yield and quality traits. The major role of dominant genes was very apparent because the ratio of σ2SCA:σ2GCA was significantly higher and degree of dominance (σ2D/ σ2A)1/2 was also greater than unity. These results indicated the preponderance of dominant gene action suggesting the feasibility of hybrid crop development. General combining ability estimates indicated that CMS lines SF-187, 64-A-93 and ARG-0405 whereasfrom testers RHP-46 were found as the best general combiners for early maturity, seed yield, oil and protein traits, hence these parents may be chosen for hybridization programmes to evolve profitable hybrids or synthetic varieties. Specific combining ability and heterotic effects are very important estimates for determining the suitability of F1 hybrid crop development. The hybrids such as SF-187 x RHP-46, 64-A-93 x RHP-46, PAC-ARG-0405 x PAC-ARG-0106, 64-A-93 x RHP-46 and PSF-025 x RHP-64 which involved parents with high x high and high x low GCA effects, exhibited higher positive SCA and heterotic effects for seed yield, oil content and protein percentage while they expressed negative yet desirable SCA effects for phenological traits and plant height. These results suggested that such hybrids are advantageous for the exploitation of hybrid crop development or selection of transgressive segregants in earlier filial generations. The narrow sense heritability estimates were generally low suggesting greater portion of dominant variances against the additive. Heritability results thus suggested that selection for studied traits may be exercised in later segregating generations while giving the opportunity of recombination to occur between desirable genes. Correlation results generally suggested that head diameter and 1000-achene weight have shown significant positive associations withall seed, oiland protein traits, henceboth the traits may be used as most reliable selection criteria to improve yield, oil andprotein traits in sunflower breeding programmes.