مشاركة المسلم في الأعمال السياسية بالبلاد غير الإسلامية وحكمها

In this paper, the question of the participation of the resident Muslim in the foreign countries in politics and its rulings and the statement of some issues that are presented to the Muslim, such as: to elect, run or participate in political parties and other issues related to this topic. And also, tried to study the views of the scholars, and presented them and their attitudes, evidence in them, compared with them. The modern world has witnessed phenomena, which is not hidden to every sane person, which was, the Muslim participation in the political activities in the non-Muslim countries. The importance of this research paper is clear because it reveals the meaning of the political concept in the Holy Quran and prophetic tradition, which made the researcher in the attempt to legalize the matter in this regard and to summarize the statements of ancient and contemporary scholars based on their arguments and evidences. The study concluded That the participation in politics activities non-Muslims societies does not fall within the scope of the doctrine originally, since no one doubts in the doctrine of Muslims that it is not permissible to resort to the tyrant and not to judge except with Allah almighty revealed rules and regulations, and when this doctrine disappears or enter doubt of any act of apostasy and disbelief, which is not satisfied by any sound Muslim at this very moment that falls into haram category. At the end conclusion is drawn from variant views of the scholars, and the main findings and recommendations have been given.

Biochemical Characterization of in Vitro Salt Tolerant Cell Lines and Regenerated Plants of Potato Solanum Tuberosum L.

The present investigation deals with the establishment of an efficient in vitro selection strategy to produce salt-tolerant cell lines and subsequent regeneration protocols in potato (cvs. Cardinal and Desiree). The activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) and total soluble protein contents of various tissues under stress were evaluated to understand their possible role in salinity tolerance. Exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid were also tested for salt stress alleviation. In order to proceed with these objectives, the initial focus was to establish protocols for micropropagation, callus induction and maintenance, plant regeneration, establishment of cell suspension cultures and ex vitro acclimatization of regenerated plants. Three different concentrations of TDZ (10-8, 10-9, or 10-10 M) in MS medium were tested for the purpose of in vitro clonal propagation. MS basal medium fairly supported micropropagation of both the tested potato cultivars followed closely by MS medium supplemented with TDZ (10-10 M). For callus induction and proliferation in dark, internodal segments proved to be a good explant source whereas MS medium fortified with 2, 4-D (18.09 μM) was the best medium composition equally effective for both the potato cultivars. A combination of NAA (2.64 μM) and TDZ (1.00 μM) supplemented to MS medium was the best choice for shoot initiation from callus cultures after 20 and 21 days in Cardinal and Desiree, respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 8.87 μM BAP, 2.64 μM NAA and 0.123 μM IBA. Cell suspension cultures using friable calluses were developed successfully using MS2 medium for the two cultivars. The best supporting medium for ex-vitro transplantation of potato plants was vermiculite. It was observed in this study that different in vitro growth parameters, i.e., shoot/root length and numbers of roots decreased while number of shoots increased with an increase in NaCl (20-140 mM) concentration in the medium. In Desiree, rosette-type of shoot development initiated at 100 mM whereas in Cardinal it was evident at 120 mM NaCl level. During this investigation, a direct recurrent selection procedure was employed to select salt- tolerant cell lines in potato (Cvs. Cardinal and Desiree) on the basis of sub-lethal concentration of salt. Results have shown more than 50% reduction in relative fresh weight in both the cultivars above 100 mM NaCl. Callus morphology correspondingly changed from off-white to blackish-brown above 100 mM to acutely-necrotic at 140 mM NaCl. Regeneration potential of recurrently-selected callus cultures (100 mM NaCl-treated) on salt- free medium was more pronounced in Desiree as compared to Cardinal. When well- acclimatized recurrently-selected plants were treated with 100 mM NaCl and compared with control plants to check their acquired salinity tolerance, it was observed that recurrently- selected plants showed higher fresh/dry weight and number of tubers in both the cultivars. A slight decrease in protein contents of in vitro Cardinal cultures was observed as the concentration of NaCl (20-140 mM) gradually increased in the media. However, there was an increase in protein contents in Desiree plants when subjected to increasing salt concentrations. In case of in vitro recurrently-selected plants, protein contents were higher as compared to control (non-selected ones) in both the cultivars. The peroxidase activity exhibited a slightly decreasing trend in Cardinal though an increasing one was observed in Desiree with an increasing NaCl level in the medium. In the present investigation, recurrently-selected plants had higher POD, CAT and SOD activities as compared to the control ones in both the cultivars.