علوم حدیث پر برصغیر کی اردو کتب کا تعارفی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Hadith were account usually brief of the words and actions of the beloved Prophet, [May Allah Bless him and grant him peace]. As Such, they were subjected to intense security by generations of Muslim Scholars. The Principles to authenticate and document this literature along with it peculiar terminology called Usool-e-Hadith. This unique Science is a historic achievement of early Muslim scholars, having and history of centuries contributing to its evolution. In the opinion of the Late 'Allama Rashid Rida of Egypt, "The Indian Muslims are playing the leading role in the diffusion and dissemination of Hadith learning in the world to-day. As a matter of fact, according to him, but for the painstaking labour of the Indian Muslims towards the cultivation of the science of al-Hadith, it would have well nigh died down." A number of Scholars in the Indo-Pak sub-continent have produced an extensive work on the subject in Urdu language as well, during last century. My Research work focuses on analytical study of the same books on Usool-e-Hadith.

Reading Difficulties in Children

Reading plays an important role in the learning process. It involves both decoding and comprehension skills. Reading plays a vital role in the acquisition of knowledge, which leads to independent learning. But if the child faces problems in learning to read, then these reading difficulties do compound the other language learning problems, like writing, spelling, pronunciation, comprehension, etc. which affects the child's progress in school. These reading difficulties block access to a wide range of information acquisition. Therefore the teachers need to be aware of children's reading difficulties and be able to implement remedial strategies to address these problems. This research study was conducted to identify reading difficulties in English of children at the primary level in the multi-lingual context of Pakistan, where English is a second, third or a foreign language for most of the children. The purpose of the study was to identify children's reading difficulties and to explore the facilities available for dealing with the same. The study was divided into two phases. Phase I was basically a needs analysis done in a private primary school to identify the children's reading difficulties by using standardized assessment tools. The language teachers were also interviewed and their reading lessons observed to find out their awareness level for catering to children's reading difficulties. Phase II was an exploration of the facilities available for dealing with children's reading difficulties in remedial centers and selected schools. Trained reading teachers were interviewed and their remedial sessions were observed in the remedial centers and the schools working in association with these centers, to recommend possible ways of helping teachers in dealing with reading difficulties of children in a multi-lingual school context. The study revealed that children do have reading difficulties. The test analysis revealed errors of omissions, substitutions, reversals, deletions, repetitions, etc. It was found that these problems are mostly related to children's lack of language exposure, inappropriate teaching of reading, lack of reading culture, multi-lingual context, etc. The teachers in the sample school were found to be unaware of children's specific reading difficulties and therefore were not able to remediate the same. In contrast, trained reading teachers in a few remedial centers and schools are providing remedial training to children by using phonic and multi-sensory approaches to remediate the children's reading difficulties. However, these facilities are very expensive. Therefore only the elite class can afford to access their services Thus this research study