METODE PARTISIPATIF, CERAMAH, DAN DISKUSI PADA AL QURAN SURAT AS-SHAFFAT AYAT 102

This research is motivated by a phenomenon of poor communication between parents and children. In the world of education, there was a lack of approaches and methods used by educators in providing subject matter so that what was delivered by the educator did not achieve the expected goals. The problem in this research is how the participatory methods, lectures and discussions contained in the As-Shaffat letter verse 102. The purpose is to describe the educational methods contained in the As-Shaffat letter verse 102 in the form of participatory methods, lecture methods and discussion methods. This research is a Library Research. The method of interpretation used in this study is the method of interpretation of maudhu 'or thematic methods which interpret verses of the Qur'an based on specific themes. The method used in the explanation of the verse is the method of tahlili or analysis that explains the verses of the Qur'an by examining its aspects and revealing its whole purpose. The results of study and analysis, as well as data processing from various sources, obtained the first result that the educational method contained in the As-Shaffat verse 102 is a participatory method used by educators, which involves all elements in the educational process especially students, with active participation from participants students will facilitate educators in delivering the material to be given. Both lecture methods, in conveying information, especially learning materials can be done with the lecture method. An educator prioritizes good attitudes so that the material can be accepted by students. The third method of discussion is to involve students in giving their opinions. With the discussion in learning, the lessons will become warmer and will train students to be more courageous in opinion.

Optimizing Phosphorus for Wheat Production Using Freundlich Kinetic Model and 32P Labeling Technique

Fixation reactions in calcareous soil reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus (P) and affect crop growth. The study was aimed at finding out the reason that how pre-mixing of different P fertilizer sources [i.e. Diammonium phosphate (DAP), Phosphoric acid (PA)] with farmyard manure (FYM at 400 mg kg-1 soil) affect their availability in soil and thereby productivity of wheat crop. Various rates (at 0, 18, 36 and 54 mg P kg-1) of the fertilizers were tested alone (designated as PA & DAP) and along with the manure (PA+FYM & DAP+FYM). The amended soil was incubated for seven weeks (at 25±1 oC & 70% water holding capacity) and thereafter 32P dilution kinetics were measured using Freundlich kinetic model to describe gross amount of diffusible P ions present at soil solid (Pr). The experimental treatments induced change in Pr (ΔPr) values wherein the highest P application as PA+FYM produced maximum ΔPr (59%, over control), followed by DAP+FYM treatment (52%, over control). In greenhouse, highest P rate as PA+FYM produced maximum P use efficiency (24%), greatest P uptake (201.2 mg pot-1) and highest grain yield (44.1 g pot-1) of wheat. The results clearly suggest premixing phosphate fertilizer with FYM as a viable technique to increase P supply from soil and enhance productivity of wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil. Mixing of phosphate fertilizer with FYM in calcareous soil was also evaluated to optimize P availability for improving productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In second study, PA and DAP were applied to soil at 36 mg P kg–1, either alone or after mixing with double amount of FYM (i.e. 1:2 ratio on w/w basis). After 45-day incubation, P concentration in soil solution (Cp) and that of exchangeable P ions (E-value) present at solid-solution interface were determined to evaluate the impact on total plant-available pool. The FYM-amended fertilizers, i.e. PA+FYM and DAP+FYM showed highest values for Cp (3.2 and 2.7 mg P L–1, respectively) and E-value (114 and 97 mg kg–1 soil, respectively). Similarly, FYM-amended fertilizers produced higher P utilization and wheat yield as compared to their sole application. The PA+FYM (followed by DAP+FYM) exhibited maximum proportion of P derived from applied fertilizer (Pdff = 51.5 %) and greatest P actually taken up by wheat seedlings (L-value = 72.1 mg kg-1 biomass). Consequently, PA+FYM treatment produced highest grain yield (40.7 g pot–1), P uptake (162 mg pot–1) and P use efficiency (24.6%), which were generally at par with DAP+FYM treatment. The regression analysis revealed strong and positive correlation of L-value with grain yield (r =0 .86), biological yield (r = 0.84) and P use efficiency (r = 0.87) in wheat crop. In third study, two-years (2015-16 & 2016-17) field trials have shown that application of phosphoric acid (PA) at 54 kg P ha-1 along with farm-yard manure (FYM) produced maximum wheat grain (5159 kg ha-1) which was 23% higher over its sole application. Phosphorus uptake was increased with the increase in P rates (18, 36, 54 kg P ha-1) which was usually associated to higher grain yield than P concentration in grain. The manure amended inorganic P fertilizers were found more effective in P uptake and grain yield than their sole application. In greenhouse, a similar trend as occurred in field condition was observed for P recovery and biomass production. The manure amended PA (followed by diammonium phosphate) exhibited maximum P derived from applied fertilizer (Pdff = 40.03%) by a 45-day old wheat plant, as determined by 32P labelling technique. Efficiency of P fertilizers [i.e. P agronomic efficiency (PAE) and P recovery efficiency (PRE)] were found lowest at highest P rate (54 kg P ha-1). However, co-amended phosphate fertilizers showed higher PRE and PAE as compared to their sole application. Therefore, manure amended phosphate fertilizers application seems appropriate to attain higher P availability from soil, improve efficiency of inorganic fertilizers and enhance wheat productivity grown in alkaline calcareous soils