دل محمد دلشاد (۱۸۰۰ء پ) گلی حکیماں محلہ سیداں (کوچہ بند) پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ اپنے فارسی اشعار میں ایک جگہ اس کی طرف اشارہ بھی کرتے ہیں :
یکے دو دست عجب تال آپس شش پہلو بشش جہات بہ پنجاب گو کہ ثانی آں است
دلیل شادی دلشاد نام ایں شہراست کہ پر سرور طرب بخش عالم دل و جاں است (۱۱)
آپ فارسی اور اردو کے بہترین شاعر ہونے کے علاوہ عالمِ دین بھی تھے۔ دلشاد کے کلام میں حد درجے کی پختگی اور سادگی عیاں ہے۔ وہ اپنی تشبیہات اور استعارے حالاتِ حاضرہ اور دیگر نشیب و فرازِ حیات سے اخذ کرتے ہیں۔ ان کے کلام میں بے حد جاذبیت اور شرینی موجزن ہے۔ اُن کا زیادہ کلام قصائد اور غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔
قاضی عطاء اﷲ اپنی کتاب ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ میں دلشاد کے بارے میں رقمطراز ہیں:
دل محمد دلشاد پسروری انیسویں صدی کے معروف فارسی اور اردو شاعر ہیں۔ آپ نے متداولہ علوم و فنون اغلباً سیالکوٹ جیسے علم و حکمت کے شہر سے حاصل کئے۔ منطق ‘ سلوک‘ اخلاق‘ فقہ اور شعری علم میں کمال حاصل کیا۔ (۱۲)
مذکورہ بالا علوم میں مہارت دلشاد کے ایک فارسی شعر سے واضح ہوتی ہے:
از علم شعر و منطق‘ فقہ و سلوک و اخلاص دارد تمام لیکن دلشاد زر نہ داد (۱۳)
آپ کا زیادہ تر اردو کلام مفقود ہے۔ مختلف اردو تذکروں میں آپ کا کلام ملتا ہے۔ آپ کا فارسی دیوان ادارہ تحقیقاتِ پاکستان دانشگاہ پنجاب لاہور نے ۱۹۷۰ء میں شائع کیا۔ (۱۴) عشقِ مجازی‘ محبوب کی بے اعتنائی‘ بے وفائی‘ عشوہ وغمزہ وادا دلشاد کی اردو غزلوں کے موضوعات ہیں۔ حافظ محمود شیرانی نے اپنی تالیف ’’پنجاب میں اردو‘‘ میں دلشاد کی چند غزلیں نقل کی ہیں۔ ان اشعار میں دلشاد اپنے محبوب سے شکوہ کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ کلاسیکی اردو شاعری کے روایتی محبوب کی طرح...
This paper highlights a comparative study of two translations of the Holy Qur‟ān. Muhammad „Alī Lahori‟s “The Holy Qur‟ān” and „Abdul Mājid Daryābādī‟s “Tafsir Ul Qur‟ān”. It deals with the biographies of both translators and general characteristics of these two translations. Many translators interpreted the Holy Qur‟ān in differentlanguages. Though they translated the text with specific- objectives, these translations helped spread the message of the Qur‟ān in the west and helped to refute the fabrications laid down by the west against Islam. Both translators Abdul Mājid Daryābādī and Muhammad „Alī Lahorī are Indian writers, editors and interpreters. Both translated the Holy Qur‟ān into English for western readers and in Urdu for the readers of subcontinent. Most interestingly, Muḥammad „Alī Lahorī is the person who inspired Daryābādī in his period of atheism. According to many scholars, Daryābādī admired the work ofLahorī just timely. But in the reality one can find that „Abdul Mājid Daryābādī imitated few aspects of Muḥammad „Alī‟s life and copied his work as well.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds mainly consisting of benzene rings which have become the common threat to our environment as the grievous pollutants. The only cost effective and eco-friendly way to remove these pollutants from the environment is their degradation via microbes. In the present study bacterial cultures were isolated for degradation of Naphthalene (Nap) and Phenanthrene (Phe) representing low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, Fluoranthene (Fla) representing high molecular weight (HMW) PAH and Iranian light crude oil (ILCO) representing mixture of hydrocarbons. Forty-four bacterial strains (CMG2001-CMG2044) were isolated from water and mud samples enriched on Nap. Two bacterial consortia HP and LP and one bacterial strain (CMGCZ) of LP consortium were isolated from oil contaminated soil samples by enrichment on Fla. Bacterial strains CMG2001-CMG2044 were screened for growth on Nap, Phe and Fla by 96 well microtiter plate assay. Among them eighteen bacterial strains exhibited growth on one or more tested PAHs while two of them (CMG2028 and CMG2042) were selected for further studies on PAHs degradation. CMG2028 and CMG2042 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Kocuria flavus and K. rosea, respectively. In minimal medium 36% and 53% Nap (500mg l -1 ) was degraded in ten days of incubation by K. rosea CMG2042 and K. flavus CMG2028, respectively. Addition of yeast extract (YE) in medium as an additional carbon source resulted in enhanced degradation (59%) of Nap in K. rosea CMG2042 and reduced degradation (45%) in K. flavus CMG2028 within ten days. Although both the strains exhibited growth on Phe (10mg l -1 ) and Fla (10mg l -1 ) in YE added and omitted medium but only Phe (9%) was degraded by K. rosea CMG2042 as a sole carbon source. K. flavus CMG2028 and K. rosea CMG2042 exhibited growth on YE added and omitted minimal agar plates coated with ILCO and their colonies accumulated oil but did not grow in liquid medium with 0.5% ILCO. Bacterial strain CMGCZ, isolated from LP consortium, was identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. R. erythropolis CMGCZ formed clear zones on Fla sprayed minimal and LB agar plates. In minimal medium degradation of Nap (500mg l -1 ), Phe (100mg l -1 ) and Fla (100mg l -1 ) by R. erythropolis CMGCZ in one week of incubation was 13.2%, 13.1% and 99.3%, respectively however YE addition in medium resulted in complete inhibition of Nap degradation, slightly enhanced degradation of Phe (14.8%) and a more rapid degradation of Fla (100%). R. erythropolis CMGCZ was capable of growing on xxii R. Z. A. Khan-PhD Thesis OPTIMIZATION OF BIODEGRADATION OF PAHs BY BACTERIA ABSTRACT 1% ILCO in liquid medium and degraded 13.2% and 11% aiphatic fraction of ILCO in YE added and omitted medium, respectively. LP and HP consortia enriched in minimal medium (HPMO/LPMO) and in YE added medium (HPMM/LPMM) were tested for degradation of Fla (100mg l -1 ). LPMM and HPMM consortia degraded 100% and 25.5% Fla, respectively in YE added medium in twenty days. In minimal medium 51.5% Fla was degraded by LPMO consortium but HPMO consortium failed to degrade Fla. Further subculturings of both the consortia in YE added medium resulted in improved Fla degradation by LPMM consortium but Fla degradation by HPMM consortium ceased. LPMM consortium degraded 98.6% and 95.7% Fla in YE added and omitted medium, respectively within a week of incubation. When LPMO consortium was incubated longer (35 days) in minimal medium without further transfer it degraded 97.6% Fla in a week which proved that longer incubation compensated deficiency of additional carbon source. Comparison of aromatic ring dioxygenase expressing bacteria (ARDB) of both the consortia revealed that increase in ARDB was observed only in LPMM and longer (35 days) incubated LPMO consortium. LPMM consortium was proved to be completely bacterial by adding microeukaryotic and different prokaryotic inhibitors in the growth medium. The optimized temperature and pH of the medium for LPMM consortium were found to be 30Ċ and 7.0, respectively. Degradation optimization for Fla concentrations ranging from 100mg l -1 to 1000mg l -1 with the difference of 150mg l -1 Fla resulted in 98.8%, 94.6%, 85.6%, 77.5% and 44.6% Fla degradation by LPMM consortium, respectively. Fla degradation optimization by R. erythropolis CMGCZ for same concentrations of Fla resulted in 100%, 100%, 57.2%, 19.1% and 12.6% degradation of Fla, respectively. PCR amplification of Rieske [Fe 2 -S 2 ] center of PAH dioxygenase genes resulted in 100bp PCR product in HPMM and LPMM consortia, R. erythropolis CMGCZ and only one type of blue colony (CMGBL) in ARDB population of LPMM consortium. Amplified PCR product of R. erythropolis CMGCZ exhibited homologies at nucleotide and deduced amino acid level mainly with Rieske [Fe 2 -S 2 ] domain protein of Mycobacterium species and pahAC gene of uncultured bacterium clones, known for degradation of PAHs. Bacterial strains and LP consortium isolated in the present study are efficient degraders of different PAHs and promising candidates for use in bioremediation operations at hydrocarbons contaminated sites.