حالت امن کے قواعد کلیہ: فقہائے کرام کی آراء کی روشنی میں

The value of Shari’ah Maxims is realized all over the world. These maxims keep a superlative significance over all legal maxims as their sources are based on Qur’ān and Sunnah that is the real source of islamic law. Shari’ah Maxims such a important subject of islamic law that simplifies the interpretation of shari’ah. If the Shari’ah Maxims are inculcated and conceived properly then there is no need to burn midnight oil in learning the large number of sub-titles of Shari’ah. The fiqh defines the Shari’ah Maxims as the principles organized. This article explores the Four important Shari’ah Maxims relating to peace  and ethics of a muslim state towards its non-muslim residants. It includes the meanings, arguments and real life examples about these maxims. These maxims are: (الذمی من اھل دارنا کالمسلم)Zimmies are considered equalent to the muslims of state.(الامر بیننا وبین الکفار مبنی علی المجازاۃ)The relations between muslims and non-muslims countries are based on equality.(ان حرمۃ قتل المستامن من حق اللہ تعالی)Those who have the entry into the muslim state with permit and peaceful intention, must be protected and neither be killed nor be harmed.(عبارۃ الرسول کعبارۃ المرسل)Any ambassador of the state will be considered the real representative of the sender who can completely deal all the things on behalf of his sender. Today it’s the dire need of the time to implement these Shari’ah Maxims generaly for the humanity and especially for Muslims Countries to solve the critical issues, because today the world needs peace the most as it was needed never before.

Democratization of the Gulf Countries: Role of the United States During the Bush Administration 2000– 2008

This study is an effort to contribute to understanding of the ongoing process of democratization in the Gulf region. The study explores the role played by the United States and its Civil Society in the process of democratization of the Gulf Countries, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, during 2000 and 2008. Among the questions addressed in this study are (a) to what extent has the Bush Administration supported democratization in the Gulf region? (b) what role the nongovernmental American organizations have played in this regard? and (c) what is the official response of the Governments in the Gulf region to the U.S. demands for democratic change? Activities carried out by the American State and Civil Society that promote democratic values and strengthen democratic institutions have been examined. The study is an effort to examine what role the United States played to enhance democracy in the Gulf region during 2000 and 2008. Focus of the study is on areas of politics, economy, education, civil society, human rights, women empowerment, and media. Goals, objectives, approaches, strategies, and tools adopted by the U.S. State and Society have been examined in the light of the Bush Administration’s policy of democracy promotion in the Middle East. The study also takes an account of the reforms and changes that have taken place in the region during this period