آہ! مولانا قاری محمد طیب
شیخ الحدیث حضرت مولانا محمد ذکریاؒ کی وفات کا غم ابھی فراموش نہ ہوا تھا کہ ایک اور آفتاب علم و ہدایت غروب ہوگیا، یعنی مولانا قاری محمد طیب مہتمم دارالعلوم دیوبند نے ۱۷؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۳ء کو اس جہانِ فانی کو الوداع کہا، اِنا ﷲ واِنا الیہِ راجعُون۔ وہ ممتاز عالم دین تھے، ان کی شہرت سے یہ برصغیر ہی نہیں، پوری اسلامی دنیا گونج رہی تھی، ان کی وفات سے ہماری ملی، دینی ، علمی اور تعلیمی عمارت کا بہت بڑا ستون گر گیا، اور جماعت دیوبند کی ایک قدیم اور اہم یادگار مٹ گئی، وہ اس قافلہ کے آخری مسافر تھے جس آغاز خاندان ولی اللّٰہی سے ہوکر حضرت حاجی امداد اﷲ مہاجر مکی کے خلفاء اور دارالعلوم دیوبند کے اکابر تک پہنچا تھا، افسوس اب علم و عرفان کی وہ شمع گل ہوگئی جس سے دارالعلوم نصف صدی سے جگمگا رہا تھا، والبقاء ﷲ وحدہ۔
وہ دارالعلوم کے بانی مولانا محمد قاسم نانوتویؒ کے پوتے اور مولانا حافظ محمد احمدؒ کے صاحبزادے تھے، جو دارالعلوم دیوبند کے پانچویں مہتمم اور چار برس تک ریاست حیدرآباد دکن کی عدالت عالیہ کے مفتی تھے، قاری صاحب کی پرورش وپرداخت اسی مقدس خانوادہ اور دارالعلوم کے اس عہدِ زریں میں ہوئی، جو علمی، تعلیمی، دینی اور روحانی حیثیت سے بے مثال تھا، اور جب اس کا آسمانِ علم و کمال متعدد مہروماہ سے جلوہ فگن تھا، ان کی ولادت ۱۳۱۵ھ؍ ۱۸۹۷ء میں ہوئی، تاریخی نام مظفر الدین تھا، سات برس کی عمر میں دارالعلوم میں داخل کئے گئے، شیخ الہند مولانا محمود حسنـؒ اور دوسرے نامور فضلاء کی موجودگی میں مکتب نشینی اور بسم اﷲ کی تقریب عمل میں آئی، دو ہی برس میں قرآن مجید تجوید و قرات کے ساتھ حفظ کرلیا، پانچ برس درجہ فارسی میں رہے، اس کے بعد...
There is quite difference between ownership and right of use in other words usufruct, at present this term is widely used in Islamic financial institutions for beneficial ownership. But the use of this term is entirely changed from western law and Islamic law. Particularly in Islamic law, legality of a product or things depends on its objectives. In this article it has been discussed in detail in the light of different school of thoughts of Islamic jurisprudence.
The investigations are performed on thermal, optical and electrical response of UV and IR laser irradiated materials. Changes in structural, morphological, electrical and optical parameters for four transition metals, platinum (Pt), gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are explored. Experiments are performed in two series. First 4N pure, annealed and fine polished samples are exposed to Nd:YAG laser (1064nm, 9-14ns, 10mJ) for different number of shots (25, 50, 75, 100) in air as well as under vacuum (10 -3 torr and 10 -6 torr). Gaussian profile laser power density at tight focus is 3 10 15 Watt/m 2 where the spot size is ~12 m. In second series of experiments, the samples are exposed to KrF Excimer laser (248nm, 20ns, 50mJ) under vacuum ~10 –6 torr at different laser fluences (0.5J/cm 2 to 2.5 J/cm 2 ).The focal spot size at the tight focus is .02 cm 2 . Irradiated target materials are then characterized for surface morphology and topography, structural, optical and electrical analysis using the diagnostics; SEM , SPM/AFM , XRD , Rotating Compensator Auto-Aligned Ellipsometer and four-point probe respectively. Motic digital microscope is employed for droplet and spot size measurements. IR and UV irradiation of metals, both cause changes in diffracted X-rays intensity and grain sizes consequently changing the dislocation line densities and strain in the target materials. In most of the IR irradiated targets, X-rays diffracted intensity is maximum for (111) and (200) planes. For plane (111) the maximum X-ray diffracted intensity found for irradiated gold (1638.79 counts) and minimum for irradiated platinum (123.77 counts). The maximum change in grain size takes place in gold (~7.43nm). In UV laser irradiated samples, the intensity is found maximum for platinum (21528 counts) for (111) plane. The maximum change in grain size takes place in platinum (~10nm), whereas gold and silver exhibit minimum variation in grain sizes for UV irradiation. Both types of irradiation produce weak stresses on the target surfaces so unable to cause any change in d-spacing. Surfaces of the target metals are modified by craters, cones, molten material, hillocks and redeposited material nearly for both types of irradiation. Splashing, exfoliation and hydrodynamic sputtering are the dominant ablation mechanisms. Non-uniform heat conduction takes place on the surfaces in the form of channels. IR irradiation especially in the presence of air produced laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) mostly in ripples form. Ripple spacing is strongly dependent on the number of laser shots up to a saturation value. In UV (iv)irradiated targets the particle sizes vary from maximum value ~3 m in platinum at fluence 0.5J/cm 2 to 20nm in Cu at fluence 2.5 J/cm 2 . UV irradiation changes optical constants namely the absorption coefficient, refractive index, absorptivity, reflectivity and optical band gap energies of the target materials. For the incident light ranging from 500nm to 1000nm in irradiated Pt, the absorption coefficient changes from 9×10 7 m -1 to 8×10 7 m -1 , the refractive index from 1.2 to 1.5, the absorptivity changes from 70% to 43% and optical band gap energy from 0.85eV to 0.75eV. For UV irradiated gold exposed to light ranging from 500nm to 1000nm, absorption coefficient changes from 1.6 10 7 m -1 to 2.2 10 7 m -1 , refractive index from 1 to 0.8, absorptivity changes from 90% to 65% and optical band gap energy from 0.2eV to 0.02eV. In UV irradiated Ag exposed to light wavelength range from 500- 1000nm absorption is almost constant i.e. 2.5 10 7 m -1 , refractive index changes from 0.85 to 0.7, absorptivity changes from 75% to 40% and optical band gap energy changes from 0.25eV to 0.13eV. The reflectivity shows inverse trend as that of absorptivity. The UV irradiation also changes the electrical conductivity of target metals. For all the four transition metals used, electrical conductivity decreases non-linearly when the laser fluence increases (0.0J/cm 2 to 2.5J/cm 2 ). In Pt and Cu the reduction in electrical conductivity follows an exponential decrease, whereas in Au and Ag, the decrease is in accordance with Boltzmann function, which exhibits a sigmoidal curve.