شاہد ذکی
شاہد ذکی(۱۹۷۴ء پ) کا اصل نام شاہد محمود ہے۔ آپ سیالکوٹ کے گائوں گجرال میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ نے ایم۔اے انگلش مرے کالج سیالکوٹ سے کیا۔ آپ لیڈر شپ کالج سیالکوٹ میں بطور لیکچرار انگلش تدریسی فر ا ئض سر انجام دے رہے ہیں۔ پروین شاکر اور احمد فراز کو پڑھنے کے بعد شاعری کے شوق میں اضافہ ہوا لیکن اس شوق کو بام عروج تک پہنچانے میں شکیب جلالی کی شاعری نے اہم کردار ادا کیا۔(۱۱۰۹)
’’خوشبو کے تعاقب میں‘‘ شاہد ذکی کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ پنجاب ادبی مرکز گوجرانوالہ نے ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع کیا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’خوابوں سے خالی آنکھیں‘‘ ہے۔ جسے الحمد پبلی کیشنز لاہور نے ۲۰۰۱ء میں شائع کیا۔ ’’خوابوں سے خوشبو آتی ہے‘‘ شاہد کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے الحمد پبلی کیشنز نے ۱۹۹۹ء میں شائع کیا۔ شاہد ذکی کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’سفال میں آگ‘‘ ہم خیال پبلشرز فیصل آباد نے ۲۰۰۷ء میں شائع کیا۔ ان مطبوعہ شعری مجموعوں کے علاوہ شاہد کے پاس شعری سرمایہ مسودات کی صورت میں موجود ہے ۔ جن کا ابھی نام تجویز نہیں کیا گیا ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
میں ہجرائی ہوئی کو بخوں کی جب آواز سنتا ہوں
ترے غم میں میری دھڑکن بڑی بے تاب ہوتی ہے (۱۱۱۰)
دریا کنارے پہ کھڑا سوچ رہا ہوں
دل سوہنی کا تھا کتنا بڑا سوچ رہا ہوں(۱۱۱۱)
ناکام محبت کا سفر کیا ہے نہ پوچھو
اِک لاش ہے جو رہنے کو گھر ڈھونڈ رہی ہے(۱۱۱۲)
تم ذرا روٹھے تو رکنے لگیں سانسیں
سوچتا ہوں کہ بچھڑ جائو گے تو کیا ہوگا؟؟ (۱۱۱۳)
روشنی سرحدوں کے پار بھی پہنچاتا ہوں
ہم وطن اس لیے غدار سمجھتے ہیں مجھے (۱۱۱۴)
وہ جو اس پار ہیں ان کے لیے...
Islam has borne a deep and lasting impact on all aspects of human life. Inevitably language, which is a crucial factor in the build-up of society, has also been re-vitalized and re-invigorated by Islam. It was Arabia where Islam dawned its early rays, hence it is the Arabic language that got evolved under the revolutionary spirit of Islam. This deep impact has been caused through the two basic sources of Islam i. e. Quran and Hadith. Since our focus is Hadith, hence we shall talk on the impact of Hadith on the Arabic language. Hadith has a lasting influence on the Arabic language, its literature, and the various genres of the Arabic literature. The topmost among these diverse genres that dramatically evolved under the impact of Islam is 'letter writing'. The genre of letter writing has been passing through its evolutionary stages before the Prophet-hood of Muhammad (S. A. W) . Yet the clarity and style that it adopted; the purposefulness that it aspired and opted for; and its utility as an important official correspondence document all happened in the hands of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In short, it turned into a regular genre of literature. Letter-writing owes deeply to the life infusing spirit of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) for its lay-out and design, its aim and purpose, and basic features. Our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) left a lasting impact on the letter writing that shall always be a source of inspiration for the faithful.
EXPANSINs are the intrinsic proteins in a plant cell and are involved in disentangling the cellulosic microfibrils of the cell wall. The mechanism of EXPANSIN action is generally concerned with cellular expansion. This family of proteins has also been documented to have tissue specific members. Multiple variants of this protein have been identified in specific tissues, which are temporally regulated and functionally specific. The fiber specific EXPANSINs play a key role in the development of cotton fibers. Various isoforms of EXPANSINs were isolated by screening the cDNA libraries constructed at different developmental stages of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Calotropis procera fibers. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the screened clones helped to identify two major variants in cotton (GhEXPA8 and GhEXPA15) and four EXPANSIN isoforms in fast elongating C. procera fibers. The C. procera CpEXPA3 was selected for further analysis on the basis of its close relatedness with cotton fiber EXPANSINs. The comparative analysis of these EXPANSINs with existing database of the gene family revealed that they belong to the third clade of EXPANSIN A family having two characteristic domains. Eight conserved cysteine residues were found in the N-terminal of the deduced amino acid sequence of GhEXPA8, GhEXPA15 and CpEXPA3, while one was in the signal peptide region. Five tryptophan residues were conserved in C-terminal region of these EXPANSINs. The Amino Acid sequences of GhEXPA8 and GhEXPA15 have 98 % identity, while they have 69.8 % and 69.6 % identity with CpEXPA3 respectively. The presence of the signal anchor sites, the hydrophobic regions and the transmembrane regions at the N-terminus suggested that these proteins are targeted to the cellulosic microfibrils through the secretory pathway. The expression of these variants in different tissues was quantified by real time PCR. The transcripts of GhEXPA8 and GhEXPA15 were observed only in fibers, while CpEXPA3 was found to be transcribed nonspecifically in all tissues of the respective plant. The different transcription patterns of GhEXPA8 and GhEXPA15 at various stages of fiber development indicated that they are functionally different genes. The real time PCR analysis indicated the presence of EXPANSIN variants in developing cotton fibers from 0-15 DPA. The RT-PCR demonstrated that transcripts of LTP3 gene could be detected in developing fibers from 0-20 DPA. A plant expression vector was constructed by fusing LTP3 promoter with a reporter gene (GUS with intron) for in 20Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Masooma Thesis vitro expression assay of the promoter strength and specificity in comparison with 2X35S. Transient expression studies on cultured cotton ovules, sepals, petals and stem revealed that the LTP3 promoter activity was confined only to the trichomes. The GUS gene in the expression cassettes was replaced with GhEXPA8, GhEXPA15 and CpEXPA3 generating six EXPANSIN genes constructs under the two promoters (2X35S and LTP3) with an aim to prolong the EXPANSIN gene expression in developing fibers. The construction of the expression cassettes was verified by DNA sequencing and the constructs were handed over to cotton transformation group at NIBGE for their utilization in fiber modification program.