خلق التسامح أصل دين الإسلام والسبب الرئيس في انتشار دعوته

This research shows the value of tolerance in Islam, which is the basis of the ethics of the religion of Islam. This great value has created the bonds of love and harmony between Muslims and all human beings. This was the main reason for spreading the message of Islam to various parts of the world without coercion. There have been many attempts to accuse Islam of intolerance, terrorism and intimidation. Hence, this research is concerned with showing the truth about the ethics of Islam and its noble high values.  To achieve the desired goal, the research was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion.  The introduction addressed the importance of the topic and the reason for its selection. In the preface, the meaning of the word "tolerance" was shown and compared with the Quranic words used in this topic. In the first chapter, the researcher deals with the value of tolerance is the origin of Islam. It characterized the Prophet Muhammad (prayer and peace be upon him). The second chapter says tolerance is the cause of the spread of Islam, and the voluntary entry of people into it. The third chapter shows that tolerance is the root of solving problems and resolving all forms of conflict between nations, individuals, parties and groups. The researcher in conclusion suggests the most important findings and recommendations.

Studies on Deregulation of Base Excision Repair Pathway Genes and Micrornas in Head and Neck Cancer

Base excision repair system plays an indispensable role in maintaining genomic integrity, and its ability to mediate and repair carcinogen-induced DNA lesion is a key determinant of susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that reduced DNA repair capacity might play a central role in cancer development. This study is divided in two parts, first part was aimed to investigate the BER pathway gene expression at DNA, RNA and proteins levels and to correlate these parameters with head and neck cancer risk and disease progression in Pakistani population. Second part of this study was identification of a panel of deregulated microRNAs and contribution of deregulated miR- 99 family in tumorigenesis of HNSCC. In first part of the study, PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the whole exonic region of OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1 in 450 head and neck cancer patients and 300 controls. Sequence analysis of OGG1 gene revealed eight novel mutations (six missense and two frame shift mutations). Among these eight mutations, frequencies of missense mutations, Asp267Asn, Ser279Gly and Ile253Phe were 0.12 (12%), 0.13 (13%) and 0.06 (6%) respectively. Frequencies of other missense mutations, 1578A>T, 1582C>T and Ala399Glu were 0.13 (13%), 0.13 (13%) and 0.16 (16%), whereas values for the frame shift mutations 1582insG and 1543_1544delCT were 0.13 (13%) and 0.16 (16%). In addition to these mutations, two silent (Gln718Gln, His699-700His) and four missense (Ala597Val, Thr608-610Pro, Glu707Lys and 1578G<A) mutations of OGG1 gene were observed specifically in laryngeal cancer patients. DNA sequences for APEX1 gene exhibited three novel muatations such as 13T>G, Ser129Arg and Val131Gly in HNC patients. Frequency of 13T>G, Ser129Arg and Val131Gly was calculated as 0.17 (17%), 0.24 (24%) and 0.22 (22%) respectively. Germline screening of XRCC1 gene revealed two silent and two missense mutations. Frequency of silent mutations; Pro206Pro and Gln632Gln was calculated as 0.16 (16 %) and 0.30 (30 %) respectively. Whereas, the frequency of missense mutations; Arg399Gln and Tyr576Asn was calculated as 0.27 (27 %) and 0.28 (28 %) respectively. xThe mRNA level and protein levels of base excision repair pathway genes (OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1) and a proliferation marker, Ki-67, was studied in a cohort of 50 HNSCC patients and controls, using real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry in order to determine the potential prognostic significance of these factors. Using real-time PCR, statistically significant down-regulation of XRCC1 (p<0.01) and OGG1 (p<0.04) was observed in HNC tumor samples compared to control samples. Ki-67 (p<0.03) and APEX1 (p<0.02) was over-expressed in HNC tumor samples versus control samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of OGG1, APEX1, XRCC1 and Ki-67 showed that among 50 HNC samples that we examined, 78% of OGG1 cases exhibited down-regulated expression, 65% of APEX1cases exhibited up-regulated level, 64% of XRCC1cases showed down-regulation and 75% of Ki-67 cases exhibited up-regulation. From the current study, OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1 were found to be one of the factors responsible for systematic progression of HNC. Our data suggests that germline mutations in base excision repair and down-regulation of base excision repair pathway genes, such as OGG1 and XRCC1, combined with over-expression of APEX1 and Ki-67 (a marker for excessive proliferation) may contribute to the initiation and progression of HNSCC in Pakistani population. MicroRNA deregulation is a critical event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Several microRNA profiling studies aimed at deciphering the microRNA signatures of HNSCC have been reported, but there tends to be poor agreement among these studies. The second part of this study was to survey the published microRNA profiling studies on HNSCC, and to assess the commonly deregulated microRNAs in an independent sample set. We identified 67 commonly deregulated microRNAs in current study. The up-regulation of miR-21, miR-155, miR-130b, miR-223 and miR-31, and down-regulation of miR-100, miR-99a and miR-375 were further validated in an independent set of HNSCC cases with quantitative RT-PCR. Among these validated microRNAs, miR-100 and miR-99a belong to miR-99 family. Our in vitro study demonstrated that restoration of miR-100 to HNSCC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation and migration, and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, ectopic transfection of miR-99 family members down-regulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 xireceptor (IGF1R) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) genes. In current study, we identified a panel of frequently deregulated microRNAs in HNSCC, including members of miR-99 family. The deregulation of miR-99 family contributes to the tumorigenesis of HNSCC, in part by targeting IGF1R and mTOR signaling pathways.