مولانا حمید الدین
گزشتہ مہینہ مولانا حمیدالدین صاحب محدث اور ان کے ایک کمسن نواسے مولانا اسعد مدنی کے صاحبزادے نے کار کے حادثہ میں وفات پائی، مرحوم مولانا حسین احمد صاحب مدنی کے قریبی عزیز تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی دینی علوم خصوصاً حدیث نبوی کی خدمت میں گزری، ابتداء میں دارالعلوم دیوبند میں مدرس تھے، کچھ دنوں تک دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں بھی حدیث کا درس دیا، ادھر عرصہ سے مدرسہ عالیہ کلکتہ میں شیخ الحدیث تھے، علم کے ساتھ عمل اور اصلاح و تقویٰ کے زیور سے بھی آراستہ اور طبعاً خاموش، متین اور مرنجان مرنج انسان تھے، یہ المناک حادثہ بجائے خود ایک طرح کی شہارت ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ، حدیث نبوی کے اس خادم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے، دارالمصنفین اس حادثہ میں مولانا اسعد مدنی کا شریک غم ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۶۸ء)
Spirituality is usually understood as a way of being that flows from a certain profound experience of reality, which is known as ‘mystical’, ‘religious’, or ‘spiritual’ experience. There are numerous descriptions of this experience in the literature of the world’s religions, which tend to agree that it is a direct, non-intellectual experience of reality with some fundamental characteristics that are independent of cultural and historical contexts. Spiritual and scientific quests are two complementary inquiries into reality. Any feeling of antagonism between them is a product of a narrow vision. Science deals with what is measurable; religion is the quest for discovering and understanding the immeasurable. A scientist is not intelligent if he denies the existence of the immeasurable. There is nothing that is anti-science but there is a lot that is beyond science. The two quests have to go hand in hand. We not only need to have an understanding of the laws that govern the phenomena occurring in the external world around us but also we need to discover order and harmony in our consciousness. Human understanding is incomplete unless it covers both aspects of reality: matter as well as consciousness. Indeed the division between the scientific and spiritual quests is itself the creation of the human mind. Reality is one undivided whole which includes both matter and consciousness. Our thoughts, being limited by our experience, divide the external world from the inner world of our consciousness, in much the same way as our mind divides time from space though they are both two aspects of a single continuum۔
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a composite mixture of organic compounds derived from residues of plants, microbes and animals. Information on depth distribution of SOC fractions is scant, and most available studies are confined to the plough layer. Therefore, a field study was conducted during 2010-2012 in dry land region of Punjab, Pakistan. The specific objectives were: i) effect of tillage and crop sequences on biological, physical and chemical carbon fractions, ii) depth distribution of different soil carbon fractions in the soil profile, iii) agronomic and economic feasibility of conservation tillage systems, iv) relative C-sustainability index of management system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design having moldboard plough (MP) (control), tine cultivator (TC) and minimum tillage (MT) as main plots, and cropping sequences as sub-plots fallow–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (FW, control), mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)–wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)–wheat (SW), green manure–wheat (GW) and mungbean-chickpea (MC) (Cicer arietinum L.). Treatment effects were assessed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially minerlizeable carbon (PMC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), HCl insoluble carbon (HIC), stratification ratio (SR), aggregate stability, nutrients, yield,gross marginal benefit, cost benefit ratio, net benefit and carbon sustainability index (Cs). The results showed that MBC concentration by end of second year was highest at 15-30 cm depth under MW with MT system (360 μg g-1). The highest PMC concentration was assessed under SW with MT tillage at 45-60 cm depth (133 μg g-1 soil day-1). By the second year, under MP had higher POC at all depths in FW, MW, SW, SW and MW cropping sequences (2.03,1.69,1.03,1.06,0.96 Mg ha-1, respectively). xv Highest DOC concentration was at surfac under MC with TC (476 μg g-1). The highest HIC concentration was at 60-90cm depth was in TC with FW (11.3 Mg ha-1). The stratification ratio (SR) of PMC in the first year was highest under MT with FW at 0-15:15-30 depths (3.13 and POC was under TC and MP with FW at depths of 0-15:45-60 cm depths (18.5 and 9.39), respectively. The SR for DOC was highest under MP in the first year and with GW at 0-15:45-60 cm depths (1.89) and HCl insoluble C was observed under MT with SW at 0-15:45-60 (2.41Mg ha-1) depths. During 2010-2011, in summer, mungbean the highest aboveground biomass in MC under MP tillage (4.24 Mg ha-1 mungbean) and in MW under MT tillage (4.11 Mg ha-1 mungbean). In winter, chickpea gave the highest biomass in MC under both tillage systems. During 2011-2012, mungbean produced the highest aboveground biomass in MW under MT tillage (4.43 Mg ha-1 mungbean) and in both the MC and MW under MP tillage (4.24 and 4.17 Mg ha-1 mungbean, respectively). In winter, FW sequence gave the highest biomass in both tillage systems. The gross marginal benefit (GMB) ranged between -190 to $548 ha-1 in first year and -165 to $1124 ha-1 in the second year. The net benefit (NB) values were the highest in MC sequence under both tillage that gave cost benefit ratios (CBR) of 5.45 and 3.68 respectively. Use of legume-based cropping sequences is a sustainable and cost-effective practice. The maximum carbon sustainability index (Cs) was obtained Under MT with MC for both year in summer (77 and 130). MT is realitively more sustainable and cost effect therefore, with legume based cropping system could be the best options to enhance the C sustainability index in dry lands of northren Punjab, Pakistan.