مولانا شہاب الدین ندوی
قارئین معارف کو اس اطلاع سے نہایت رنج ہوگا کہ ان کے محبوب اور معارف کے خاص مضمون نگار مولانا شہاب الدین ندوی ۱۹؍ اپریل ۲۰۰۲ء کو سفرِ آخرت پر روانہ ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ کئی برس سے موذی امراض میں مبتلا تھے اور چند ماہ سے موت و حیات کی کشمکش میں گرفتار تھے جس کی تفصیل مجھے ۳۱؍ دسمبر ۲۰۰۱ء کو اپنے والا نامہ میں اس طرح لکھی تھی۔
’’طبیعت بہت زیادہ خراب اور نڈھال رہتی ہے، کئی کئی دن بستر پر پڑا رہتا ہوں، علاج و معالجے سے کوئی فائدہ نہیں ہورہا ہے کئی قسم کے امراض میں مبتلا ہوں اور ڈاکٹر ان کی تشخیص نہیں کرپارہے ہیں، ایک بیماری ذرا دبتی ہے تو دوسری ابھر کر سامنے آجاتی ہے ان جان لیوا بیماریوں سے تنگ آچکا ہوں اور مزید طرفہ یہ کہ اب آنکھوں کی بینائی بھی مسلسل ضائع ہوتی جارہی ہے۔ داہنی آنکھ کا آپریشن ہوا مگر بینائی بڑھنے کے بجائے گھٹ رہی ہے، معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ اب میں صرف چند دن کا مہمان ہوں لیکن طبیعت جب کبھی ذرا سنبھلتی ہے تو جم کر لکھنے اور اپنے مسودات صاف کرنے بیٹھ جاتا ہوں‘‘۔
آخر وہی ہوا، خط لکھنے کے ساڑھے تین مہینے بعد وقت موعود آگیا اور مولانا کی ساری دینی، علمی اور تحقیقی سرگرمیاں ہمیشہ کے لیے بند ہوگئیں۔
مولانا کا وطن بنگلور تھا۔ میٹرک کی تعلیم یہیں ہوئی اور دینی تعلیم کی تکمیل دارالعلوم ندوۃالعلماء لکھنؤ میں کی۔ طالب علمی ہی کے زمانے سے ان کی طبیعت کا رجحان قرآنی علوم اور سائنس کی جانب ہوگیا تھا اور وہ ان میں تطبیق اور ہم آہنگی پیدا کرنا چاہتے تھے اسی لیے لکھنؤ کے بعض کالجوں کے سائنس کے اساتذہ سے ان کا ربط و ضبط ہوگیا تھا، دارالعلوم سے فراغت...
Before Islam, women were victims of slavery, humiliation, oppression, and exploitation. Islam came and liberated women from slavery, humiliation, oppression, and exploitation. Islam abolished all the evil customs which were against the human dignity of women and gave them the rights which they deserved. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) endowed women with their rightful status and human dignity on both social and domestic levels. In the light of Islamic teachings, men and women have equal status as human beings. In that sense, no one is superior to another. Just as Islam calls men honorable and respectable, so too in the eyes of Islam women are honorable and have an important role to play in society. The biography of the Holy Prophet is a beacon for us. He proved by his practical life that a woman is pitiable and respectable in respect of mother, daughter, sister, wife, and other relationships. In Arab society, he proved by raising her four daughters that a woman is also a human being, therefore, she should also be given rights. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has left out such enlightening teachings on women's social rights that by following them, women can be granted their social rights. But even today, women are being deprived of many of their social rights. There is a need to bring the social issues of women before the society in the light of Sīrat-un-Nabī. Also mention the restrictions facing women in the present. The question arises, what is the social status of women in the light of Sīrat-un-Nabī? And what are the challenges facing women today? This article is written to answer these questions. In pre-Islamic society, women were not given any importance or status in any relationship. Socially, women's rights were completely taken away and some Arab families did not even have the right to live.
Five methanol extracts from four different plant species [Salvia nubicola B. (Laminiaceae), Hedera nepalensis K. (Araliaceae) Acer oblongifolium D. (Aceraceae) and Sorbaria tomentosa L. (Rosaceae)] were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity (by antibacterial and antifungal assays), toxicity activities (by brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, radish seed phytotoxicity assay), antitumor activity (by potato disc assay) and antioxidant activities (by DPPH scavenging assay, ABTS+ assay, DNA protection assay and TBARS). Leaf and stem extract of A. oblongifolium exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all pathogenic strains tested, while none of the extract presented any antifungal activity against six pathogenic strains tested. Two of the five extracts (L+S) A. oblongifolium and (L+S) H. nepalensis revealed significant ED50 value i.e. 47.7 ppm and 226.8 ppm respectively in case of brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay. Growth inhibition was observed by all extracts in radish seed bioassay at high concentration (10,000 ppm). At low concentration (1000 ppm) three extracts from two plant species (leaves and flower extract of S. nubicola, stem extract of S. nubicola and stem extract of H. nepalensis) presented stimulation of growth ranging from 3.5 to 43.2%. Inhibition of tumor formation ranged from 9 to 82.9% by all extracts in antitumor potato disc assay at three different concentrations tested (1000, 100, and 10 ppm). A positive correlation was observed in the results of three of the described assays (toxicity assays i.e. brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay and phytotoxicity assay and antitumor potato disc assay). Four methanol extracts from three selected plant species i.e. Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae), Acer oblongifoium (Aceraceae) and Hedera nepalensis (Araliaceae)) were screened for their antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activities were investigated in aqueous system by using DPPH scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical scavenging assay and DNA protection assay while in lipid system by using TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Total phenolic contents were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methanol extract of leaf and flower of S. nubicola showed the highest trolox equivalent values in case of DPPH scavenging assay i.e. 2484.08 ± 4.9 as well as total phenolic contents i.e. 342.08 ± 19.8. Fractionation of methanol extract of S. nubicola by semi-preparative HPLC yielded three fractions (A, B and C). Fraction B was found to be the most active in DPPH scavenging assay with highest phenolic contents as estimated by using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. Analytical scale HPLC and LC-MS results revealed presence of rosmarinic acid in fraction B of S. nubicola while chlorogenic acid and rutin were identified as major antioxidants in methanol extract of H. nepalensis.