عناية المحدِّثين بالجامع الصَّحيح للبخاري في شبه القارة الهنديَّة

This study deals with a historical overview of the entry of Islam to the Indian subcontinent and the contribution of the companions, successor, and their followers in spreading the Prophetic Sunnah in it. Moreover, It contains a brief historical overview of the emergence of hadīth science، its weakness, renaissance, development, and flourishing, and a study of the attention of Muhaddithūn to the Sahih al-Bukhārī by writing its Shuruh, Taliqāt، Hawāshī, and Tarājim in the Indian subcontinent. It has been proven from the study of the history of hadīth science that after the entry of the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids to this region, the science of hadīth weakened due to the interest of the locals in rational sciences until Sultān Ala’ud-Dīn al-Khiljī (d. 716/1316) period. The scholars began to pay attention to the compilations of hadīth in general and Sahih al-Bukhārī in particular, and the first Sharh of Sahih al-Bukhārī appeared by Sheikh al-Hassan b. Muhammad al-Saghānī al-Lāhourī (d. 1252/650). It was revealed from a historical study of Sahih al-Bukhārī’s related studies in the Indian subcontinent that all were written in three stages. The first stage was the era of the renaissance of hadīth science and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Hawāshī in the Arabic language. The second stage was the era of the development of hadīth sciences and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Tarājim in the Arabic and Persian languages. Besides, the study proved that it was the era of translation and authorship in the Persian language, which was one of the most widespread languages، understanding, and delivered in the scientific community of the Indian subcontinent. As for the third stage, it is the flourishing of hadīth science and the emergence of a diversity of books about the Sahih al-Bukhārī in Arabic, Urdu, and Pashto. It was discovered from the study that the Urdu language took the place of Persian in the dissemination of legal sciences and the authorship of Sahih al-Bukhārī.

Kinetics of Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes by Agaricus Species

Textile dyes have always been considered in the context of recalcitrant xenobiotics compounds in water and soil ecology. Present research work was focused on the bioremediation potential of Agaricus species to decolorize and to detoxify the different synthetic dyes and dye containing effluents. The purification, characterization, kinetics & thermodynamic studies of ligninolytic enzymes produced by the fungi during dye decolorization process, were also performed. Complete (100%) removal of NOVASOL Direct Black and 83.34 % Reactive Black by Agaricus bitorqus A66 & Agaricus bisporus A21 were attained by optimizing optimal conditions like media composition, pH, temperature, inoculum size, carbon and nitrogen supplements, metal ions, redox mediators and dye concentration. In the entire processes of optimization of decolorization lignin peroxidase (LiP) was the major enzyme with minor activities of MnP and laccase when the decolorization of Novasol black was carried out by Agaricus bitorqus A66 and manganese peroxidase (MnP) was the main enzyme with minor LiP and laccase activities in case of reactive black treated by Agaricus bisporus A21. As highly efficient decolorization (100%) of synthetic dye was attained by these Agaricus species in a reasonably short period of time under optimum conditions, these were therefore, applied to check out their potential application in the decolorization of different practical/real textile industry effluent. It was observed that complete (100%) and 95.66 % decolorization of Navy blue colored effluent was achieved by Agaricus bitorqus and Agaricus bisporus A21 , respectively under optimum conditions. To access the water quality parameters, the treated and untreated effluent samples were analyzed to determine COD, BOD, TSS and TDS. The fungal treated effluents were less polluted as compared to original industrial effluents. The enzymes (LiP & MnP) produced under optimum decolorization conditions were purified to 1.54 & 6.9 fold with % yield of 6.74 and 8.48, respectively by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by three purification steps including, Dialysis, gel-filtration and anion- exchange chromatography. MnP and LiP secreted by respective fungi displayed optimum activities pH 7.0 & 6.0 and at 45 &400C, respectively. The Km values for veratryl alcohol and MnSO4 were 16.67 mM, 3.33 mM for MnP and LiP, having Vmax values of 179.17 and 231.00 mM, respectively. Thermodynamic and activation parameters provide a detailed mechanism for many chemical and biological reactions. The kinetic and thermodynamic characterization revealed Gibbs free energy ΔG* values for denaturation of MnP and LiP as 272.12 & 272.6 KJmol-1, enthalpy of thermal unfolding ΔH* of transition state was 39.91& 72.83 KJmol-1 and entropy of thermal unfolding (ΔS*) was -707.94 &, -609 Jmol-1K-1 at 50oC along with activation energy for inactivation of Ea 42.6, 75.6 KJmol-1, respectively.