پروفیسر عبد الحق بہ طور محقق
پروفیسر عبد الحق کی دوسری حیثیت ایک محقق کی ہے۔ اس میں ان کی مخطوط شناسی بےحد معاون ثابت ہوئی۔ انہوں نے اقبال پر اپنا جو مقالہ تحریر کیا وہ تحقیقی تھا۔ اس کے ساتھ شیخ ظہور الدین حاتم کے کلام کا انتخاب اور پھر اس کے بعد دیوان حاتم کی تدوین، ان کا بےمثال تحقیقی کارنامہ ہے۔ آپ لکھتے ہیں:
میں حاتم کے وسیلے سے اس دور کے مطالعے پر مائل ہوا ورنہ میری دلچسپی تو
اقبالیات سے ہے۔ میرا یقین ہے کہ اس دور کی علمی اور فنی اقتباسات پر مزید غور
وفکر کی ضرورت ہے۔ شمالی ہند میں ادبی تخلیق کا یہ ابتدائی دور بے پناہ وسعتوں اور
امکانات سے روشن ہے۔ (6)
اس طرح شیخ ظہور الدین عرف شاہ حاتم پر تحقیق کا رجحان پروان چڑھا ۔ یہ کاوش پروفیسر عبدالحق کو تحقیق کی دنیا میں زندہ و جاوید رکھنے کے لیے کافی ہے۔ آپ کی مرتب کر ده ”عصری لغت“ کو بھی آپ کی تحقیق و تدوین میں رکھا جائے گا۔ اپنی اس تحقیق کے حوالہ سےآپ نے لکھا ہے کہ:
”ثقافتی علامتوں کی فرہنگ اور لفظ و معنی کے لیے مفاہیم سے آراستہ لغات کا
تقاضا پہلے سے کہیں زیادہ ہے کیونکہ متن کی تفہیم عدم توجہی سے دو چار ہے۔
وقت کی تنگی ، فاصلوں میں زیادتی ، کلاسوں سے طلبا کی بے اعتنائی اور اساتذہ کی
بے التفاتی نے گھروں کے ماحول کو دار المطالعہ میں تبدیل کر دیا ہے۔ ان بدلے
ہوئے حالات میں متون کے مطالعے کے لیے حوالے کی کتا بیں ناگزیر بن گئی ہیں
جن میں فرہنگ کی ضرورت شاید سب سے زیادہ توجہ طلب ہے“ (7)
پروفیسر عبدالحق نے شبلی شناسی کے لیے بھی اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ آپ نے” شبلی اورمعاصرین“ لکھ کر تحقیق کے...
Media has wide spectrum in modern world such that it is known as fourth pillar of state. Media has made convenient and has provided numerous facilities. Apart from this media also has shortcoming. Media has wide application in modern world and it is used for different purposes but it has influenced the field of business significantly. In field of business there are various methods to advertise their products and goods but the role of media cannot be neglected nowadays. The owners of industries and factories find it the most suitable ways of enhancing the sale of their products and goods. Therefore advertising has become the most profitable and productive source of income because every company spend a huge amount in order to advertise their products. The Islam has allowed the human being to widen their business through fair means but it is necessary to analyze the Islamic and moral perspective of advertisement so that Muslims may know about the limitation of issue and under its constraints they can be benefited. In this article we will elaborate the Islamic significance and limitations of advertising.
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture production. The aims of the present study were to isolate, characterize and identify sunflower associated beneficial bacteria and to evaluate their inoculation and colonization potential towards sunflower. Therefore, sixteen sites with varying altitudes of Himalayan Mountain region of Dhirkot (subdivision), Azad Jammu and Kashmir have been selected. A total of 163 isolates were obtained from rhizosphere (97) and root interior (66 putative endophytes) of sunflower to evaluate the potential of these beneficial root associated bacteria and their root colonization potential to improve sunflower growth, nutrient uptake, yield and oil contents. Out of 163 screened isolates, 44 % were found positive for phosphate solubilization (9.51 to 48.80 µg mL-1), 24 % for IAA production (1.13-24.6 µg mL-1), 20 % for nitrogen fixation (28.68-137.84 nmoles mg-1 protein h-1) and 12% for biocontrol properties against Fusarium oxysporum detected by using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. Most of the phosphate solubilizing isolates were able to produce a variety of organic acids dominated by gluconic acid (G.A) ranging between 2.17 µg mL-1 to 15.44 µg mL 1.The isolates exhibiting multiple plant growth promoting traits in vitro were identified as species of the genus Azospirillum, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas and Lysinibacillus, Cellulosimicrobium, Staphylococcus, Chryseobacterium showing 99% homology of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Major population was dominated by Bacillus species followed by Pseudomonas and Enterobacter.Phylogenetic analysis did not show any correlation or distribution of specific species/genera at specific sites indicating that the distribution of PGPR is independent of the surrounding topography.Eleven potential PGPR strains exhibiting at least 3 of the above mentioned plant beneficial traits were further tested for intrinsic antibiotic resistance through disc diffusion method and found to be resistant against most of the tested antibiotics. The bacterial strains were then tested as inoculant on sunflower (cv. FH331) in soil-free medium (growth pouches) and in sterilized soil (pots) under controlled conditions for their N2-fixing and P-solubilizing abilities separately, as well as in field under natural conditions at two locations i.e., Rawalakot, AJK, and Faisalabad, Pakistan.All the eleven bacterial strains (belonging to 8 genera) promoted the sunflower growth under controlled environmental conditions and improved N and P uptake over non-inoculated control treatment. Out of these 11 strains, Azospirillum brasilense AF-22, Enterobacter cloacae AF-31, Pseudomonas sp. strain AF-54 and Citrobacter freundiiAF-56 were found more effective and potent strains in augmenting sunflower growth, yield and oil contents and NP uptake compared with 50 % (of their recommended dose)N and P fertilizers treatments. These four strains exhibiting multiple plant growth promoting traits i.e., N2-fixation, P-solubilization, IAA production, organic acid production and metabolic versatility, performed well in both experimental locations at Rawalakot and Faisalabad. Principal component analysis indicated that inoculation with these selected PGPR had better response at Rawalakot. To confirm the efficiency of these bacterial strains for sunflower, their host specificity and colonization potential was extensively studies in vitro and in vivo. Bacterial population dynamics were observed at different time intervals to check the strain persistency in sunflower rhizosphere. All the strains showed strong association with sunflower roots up to 45 days. Their colonization potential was confirmed through a series of high throughput microscopy techniques including yfp-labelling technique, fluorescent antibody (FA) labelling, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy and by ultrastructural and immunogold labelling technique through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These biomarkers confirmed the host specificity of the applied strains in both sterilized and natural conditions. Transmission electron microscopic studies also showed the localization of Azospirillum brasilense AF-22 and Citrobacter freundii AF-56 both in the rhizosphere and root interior, confirming their endophytic association with sunflower. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the potential PGPR strains namely A. brasilense AF-22, E. cloacae AF-31, Pseudomonas sp. strain AF-54 and C. freundii AF-56 can be used as biofertilizer for sunflower crop for enhancing yield and to minimize the use of chemical (NP) fertilizers. It is further recommended that the inoculum should be checked for the cross inoculation potential on other oil seed crops in field.