الاباحة في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

Permissibility (al-Ibāḥah) is a kind of the Islamic law, which gives option to someone to do or not to do something. If something is done by someone under this order, no punishment or reward is liable. It nullifies the delinquency. This paper defines the lexical and technical meanings of permissibility as defined by different Islamic scholars like alShāṭibī, al-Āmidī and al-Ghazālī and the conventional law that how it removes responsibility of delinquency of an act and makes it permissible for person, who does it. Its different kinds and causes for permissibility have been discussed. It has general and particular kinds. It has also been differentiated from insanity: that when a person commits an offense under defective understanding such as childhood, mental illness and in sleeping. These conditions remove someone’s responsibility and one cannot be prosecuted by both the laws. Different rules regarding mistake and ignorance in the case of al-Ibāḥah (permissibility) has been discussed in detail. There are limitations of al-Ibāḥah and if the limits of alIbāḥah are transgressed, then, the act converts into criminality. The author, in this paper, presents a comparative study of the Islamic Law and Conventional Law on the issue of al-Ibāḥah.

Lipase Mediated Transesterification of Non-Conventional Feedstock for the Production of Biodiesel.

The present study deals with the isolation and optimization of lipase production from the new isolates of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus and their application in the biodiesel production by using non-conventional feed stock. The isolation of lipase producing fungal and bacterial strains was carried out from the local habitats. Maximum lipase activity was achieved by using Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus when the culture media were supplemented with 1.0% and 1.5% olive oil, respectively. The culture media M6 and BM4 gave maximum lipase activity for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. Highest lipase yield by Aspergillus terreus was achieved after 72 hrs of incubation at 30oC at a pH of 6.0 while highest lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved after 48 hrs of incubation at 37oC at a pH of 7.5. Maximum lipase activity by Bacillus pumilus was achieved when 1.5% peptone and 1.0% glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively while Aspergillus terreus gave maximum lipase activity by using 1.0% peptone and 2.0% glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources. The partial purification of Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases was achieved at 80% and 60% ammonium sulphate saturations while further purification of microbial lipases was carried out by using Anion exchange and cation exchange chromatography for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus lipases, respectively and the purification folds of 2.600 and 1.835 were achieved, respectively. The Lewatit VPOC 1600 (Lanxess, Germany) was proved to be the best support for the immobilization of microbial lipases with the coupling yields of 76.220% and 89.731% for Aspergillus terreus and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. These microbial lipases were then used as catalysts with different non-conventional oils to produce biodiesel. Different algal oils, yeast oils, used cooking oil and non edible plant oils were subjected to chemical and enzymatic transesterification reactions. The percentage yield of Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase was 87% which was higher as compared to free lipase i.e., 66%. Different physico-chemical properties of non-conventional oils were also evaluated. Response surface quadratic models were used for the optimization of biodiesel production by using the Lewatit immobilized Bacillus pumilus lipase. The fuel properties and exhaust emission studies of enzymatically synthesized biodiesel showed that there was a significant decrease in the exhaust emissions of all the biodiesel blends so biodiesel synthesized in the present study was more environment friendly than conventional diesel fuel.