اسلامی بینکوں میں رائج مضاربت: اصول و تطبیق، دور حاضر کے تناظر میں

Islām is said to be a complete code of conduct. It guides the humanity in every aspect of life. To earn the best living is the aim of every man, for which he earnestly spends his most precious time and energies. In the present era, the economic activities are in close correspondence with the banking system. But, it is a matter of fact that the conventional banking system was not founded on Islamic economic principles, nor does it follow them in the conduct of its affairs. The question arises, are Islām and its academic sources capable to guide us to substitute the conventional banking system. We find that Muḍārabah in an Islamic economic system is an instrument that emanates a number of substitutions to replace the conventional banking. This article discusses Muḍārabah, only. Muḍārabah is a mode of Islamic financing in which one party provides capital and second one employs its expertise to do a business. In the classical Muḍārabah, there were only two parties. One of them is called Rabb al-Māl (Financer) and second Muḍārib (Worker). It was the simplest form of the classical Muḍārabah, but with the passage of time, Muḍārabah evolved into many forms. Now, it has become more complex. The Islamic banks employ Muḍārabah. They are using modern forms of Muḍārabah in their products. People have several misconceptions about Muḍārabah for lack of knowledge about it and its the procedures. This article is an effort to explain the legitimacy of Muḍārabah and its method according to al-Sharī‘ah in the context of the modern Muḍārabah banking.

Subject Coordinators Leadership Roles for School Improvement

The leadership roles of subject coordinators, by and large, have remained less explored especially in the developing countries. Consequently, their involvement in school improvement s virtually unknown. It was this gap in the existing literature, as well as the apparent insignificance of the position/role of subject coordinators in school improvement, that initiated this study. The present study examines a subject coordinator's leadership roles for school improvement in one junior boys' secondary school in Pakistan. The purpose is to look at the what and how of his leadership roles. Also explored are the facilitating and hindering factors encountered during the performance of these roles. The research uses the qualitative approach. It is a case study using multiple sources of data including primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, informal conversations and observations. The secondary data source was office documents. The study reveals that the subject coordinator had a very minor, almost non-significant, role at the strategic level, where school directions are set. His roles tend to be concentrated at the second - operational level, and the third - personal level. The factors that facilitated his leadership role enactment included, his personal interest, selected school structure, and outside school change factors. Prominent among the factors that hindered his performance were the lack of certain specific skills, and heavy workloads of other teachers. For further research, a network analysis of intradepartmental, interdepartmental and interschool relationships, and their impacts on subject coordinators' leadership roles is suggested.