عدالتی خلع اورپاکستانی عدالتوں کے فیصلوں کی روشنی میں اس کی قانونی بنیادیں Judicial Khul’ and its Legal Grounds in the light of Decisions of Pakistani Courts

The doctrine of Khul’ has, within the course of last few years, assumed a great deal of importance in Pakistan because literacy rate in women is increasing rapidly and their dependency on men is decreasing. Now, women can easily make their own decisions with free consent due to their some awareness about their rights, especially regarding dissolution of marriage. Majority of women is still ignorant about dissolution of marriage on the ground of Khul’. Therefore, it is very necessary to explain all different aspects of “doctrine of Khul’” for ensuring justice in our society. The present research has mainly explored the grounds of judicial Khul’ and other relevant incidents in the light of Pakistani Case Law based on Islamic family Law. The research is based primarily on the decisions of superior courts of Pakistan. The decisions of family courts of Pakistan have been included in the discussion. The relevant provisions of the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 and the Family Courts Act, 1964 have also been debated. The difference between Khul’ and other modes of dissolution of marriage have also been elaborated briefly.

The Relations of the Muslims and the Non-Muslims in the Mughal Period and Their Social Impact on Society

Today our society is facing serious issues of terrorism and sectarianism. Trough this thesis it is being proved that this attitude is not only against the Islamic law but also against the Islamic history. To improve the religious and inter faith harmony in society the examples from Islamic history have been shared in this thesis which tell that no society can survive without tolerance and religious harmony. For this purpose Mughal period has been selected. The Mughal rulers not only adopted toleration towards non Muslim communities but also developed relations with them in every field of life. Political, religious, economical and educational relations of Muslim and non Muslims have been discussed which brought prosperity and solidarity in Mughal Empire in the early two centuries of their rule. Under the influence of relations with Muslims the Hindus also adopted toleration towards Muslims in their society. Commonly it is said that the Emperor Akbar founded a Din under the name of Din-i-Elahi while gathering the rituals of different religions. It is not true because in this so-called Din there was no temple, no book and even no priest and for a Din or religion such things are very necessary. But he tried to make a social order and in spite of his encouragement only eighteen persons accepted it and after his death this social order lost its life. The followers of this social order were mostly Muslims and only Birbil accepted this from the whole Hindu community. The Jainas, Christians and Parsis showed no interest in it. Actually Akbar was a student of comparative study of different religions for this purpose he invited doctors of different religions and tried to understand the philosophies of different religions while adopting partially their rituals and customs. These relations also put impact on Indian culture and social life. The Muslims and non Muslim communities started to adopt the customs, rituals and life style of one another while ignoring orthodox law and religious limits. Through this thesis it is tried to tell that Islam does not like such practices. Under the influence of these relations thousands of non Muslim converted to Islam. But a lot of examples of apostasy had been also reported. The Muslims also adopted the lifestyle of Hindus while wearing Hindu dresses. Through this thesis this thought has been shared that Muslims and non Muslim relations are compulsory element in Muslim society but the Muslim should avoid violating Islamic law.