قرآن كا سات حروف پر نازل ہونا

According to Hadith literature, the Quran is revealed in seven Ahruf, the plural of harf. Ahruf are distinct from Qira'at. This is a very momentous and lengthy topic, indeed, one of the most complicated discussions on the sciences of the Qur’an. It is very difficult to discuss it in full details in this work but the important things about it are being presented in this article. The first problem we face with this Hadith is what is meant by the Revelation of Qur’an on Seven “Ahruf”? We find a great deal of difference of opinion on this subject. Up to thirty five different views have been quoted by Ibn al-‘Arabi and others. Some of the popular views are quoted in this article. The context of these narrations indicates clearly that the word ‘seven’ does not denote an unspecified large number but it denotes the specific numerical value ‘seven’. Hence, in the light of these narrations this view (that seven means more than that) does not hold good and the majority of scholars reject it. In the vast collections of Hadiths, we do not find any mention of difference in the Qur’an other than that accounted for in “ahruf”. How then may we explain differences in reading and “ahruf”? I have not been able to find a satisfactory answer to this confusion with the advocates of this theory.

Characterization and Application of Dye Decolorizing Metal Tolerant Bacterial Community for Treatment of Textile Wastewater

Bioremediation of colored textile wastewater loaded with dyes and metals is a matter of great concern due to the hazardous risks associated with their untreated discharge into water bodies. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strains for treatment of textile wastewater. For this purpose, 220 metal tolerant bacteria isolated from textile wastewaters coming from different textile industries in Faisalabad were tested for their potential to decolorize four different reactive dyes viz. reactive red 120 (RR120), reactive black 5 (RB5), reactive orange 16 (RO16) and reactive yellow 2 (RY2). Based on the potential to decolorize RR120, RB5, RO16 and RY2 in the presence of a mixture of four heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb), four bacterial strains viz. ZM17, ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183 were selected for subsequent studies. These strain were identified following the amplification, sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of 22 their 16SrRNA, and were named as Raoultella sp. ZM17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, Pseudomonas sp. ZM160 and Pseudomonas sp. ZM183. The selected bacterial strains were found to have varying levels of tolerance against the presence of different heavy metal ions in the media. Moreover, the decolorizing potential of these isolates was found to be decreased with an increase in the initial dye concentration. Furthermore, the interactive effects of four input variables including salt content, pH, C source concentration and level of multi-metal mixture on decolorization of RB5 by the selected bacterial strains were examined following response surface methodology (RSM) statistical modeling. All the four strains were also found capable of simultaneously removing Cr(VI) and all the reactive azo-dyes under study. However, the strain ZM130 was found to be the most efficient among these strains. Additionally, these strains also showed considerable potential for production of IAA and phosphate solubilization. The strains ZM17 and ZM183 were also found to harbor a dye decolorizing azoreductase Azr gene, whereas, a cadmium tolerant czcABC gene was found to be amplified from the DNA of the strains ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183. Enzymatic analyses of the strain ZM130 indicated that azo-reductase and tyrosinase activities were absent in this strain, however, this strain exhibited considerable activity of laccase and NADH-DCIP reductase activity during the decolorization of RR120. While testing the applicability of the strain ZM130 for treatment of synthetic wastewater, efficiency for color and COD removal of this strain was found to be favored and better in the anaerobic batch bioreactor as compared to aerobic batch bioreactor system. However, presence of yeast extract significantly increased the potential of ZM130 for color and COD removal with attached growth of microbial culture. The potential of the most efficient dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZM130 for treatment of synthetic colored wastewater containing both RB5 (300 mg L-1) and hexavalent chromium (25 mg L-1) was also tested in vertical soil columns bio-augmented with this strain using sterilized and nonsterilized soil. It was interesting to note that the highest level of color, COD and Cr(VI) removal (˃90%) was achieved in the treatments where the soil columns were bio-augmented either with the sludge alone or the sludge along with ZM130 followed by the strain ZM130 along with addition of yeast extract. Based on the findings of the present study, it might be concluded that the selected bacterial strains, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, harbor a varying but highly considerable potential for bioremediation of different xenobiotic compounds including dyes and heavy metals. Furthermore, the concurrent plant growth promoting ability offers a great promise for increased and sustained crop productivity even under stressed soil environment. Hence, this strain could be used to develop the bio-treatment systems (bioreactors) for addressing the problem of azodyes and metals in the wastewater.