البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

In Vitro Effect of New Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Enterica

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S, Typhi, T is capital because Typhi is serotype and not species) a gram negative bacterium (1). It continues to be a global health problem with over 21.6 million cases and more than 200,000 deaths occurring annually (2;3). Most of these deaths occur in Asia (4). Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi is traditionally associated with relatively milder illness as compared to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Aim & Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine in vitro MIC patterns of various therapeutic alternatives available for the treatment of enteric fever and non-typhoidal salmonellae in an endemic region reporting a recent increase in ciprofloxacin resistance. Study design: It is a cross sectional research carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi. Research was conducted from June 2011 to May 2013. Materials and Methods: Samples of blood, bone marrow, pus, urine, stool and fluids were collected from suspected cases of salmonella infections. Standard protocols were observed during collection and transportation. Culture was applied on Bactec 9050 special and/or standard media. Suspected salmonella colonies were tested by API 20E and confirmed by serology. The isolates were also tested for resistance to antibiotics ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, doripenem, imipenem, ertapenem, aztreonam, moxifloxacin, cefpirome, cefepime, gatifloxacin, and chloramphenicol by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (5). MIC (Minimum Inhibitory concentration) was done on MDR and ciprofloxacin intermediate or resistant cases by E-strips. Results: 316 isolates of Salmonella were recovered from 2230 specimens. Resistance by disk diffusion technique was determined, for Salmonella Typhi against Ampicillin 72%, Chloramphenicol 62%, Cotrimoxazole 41.2%, ceftriaxone 2.4%, ciprofloxacin 8%, cefpodoxime 4.7%, doripenem 2.3%, ertapenem 3.5%, aztreonam 3.5%, and moxifloxacin 3.5%. No resistance was noted for imipenem, cefepime and gatifloxacin. Resistance noted in Salmonella Paratyphi A was ampicillin 60%, chloramphenicol 40%, cotrimoxazole 38%, ceftriaxone 7.9%, ciprofloxacin 8%, cefpodoxime 7.9%, imipenem and ertapenem 2.6%, aztreonam 1.3%, moxifloxacin 6.6%, and gatifloxacin1.3%. No resistance was noted for doripenem and cefepime. For non-typhoidal salmonellae resistance was noted only against cotrimoxazole 66.6% and ciprofloxacin 7%. For S. Typhi imipenem MIC90 was 0.38 and MIC50 was 0.25. For cefpirome MIC90 was 0.64 and MIC50 was 0.09. For aztreonam MIC90 was 0.12 and MIC50 was 0.09. For cefpodoxime MIC90 was 0.75 and MIC50 was 0.38. For azithromycin these values were 16.0 and 7.0 and for tigecycline they were 0.25 and 0.09