سید عبدالحکیم دیسنوی
سیدی صاحب کے متعلقین میں دوسرا حادثہ عبدالحکیم صاحب دیسنوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ رشتہ میں سید صاحبؒ کے چچا ہوتے تھے، مگر دونوں میں حقیقی چچا بھتیجے جیسے تعلقات تھے، دونوں ایک دوسرے کو بہت مانتے تھے، مرحوم سید صاحبؒ کی ہر ترقی اور ہر اعزاز پر بے انتہا مسرور ہوتے تھے، سید صاحبؒ بھی اپنے تمام نجی حالات اور علمی و قومی مشاغل کی اطلاع برابر ان کو دیتے رہتے تھے۔ اس لیے سید صاحبؒ کے مکاتیب کا سب سے بڑا ذخیرہ ان ہی کے پاس تھا۔ دونوں میں ۱۹۰۴-۵ء سے لے کر سید صاحبؒ کی وفات ۱۹۵۴ء یعنی تقریباً نصف صدی تک خط و کتابت رہی، یہ سارے خطوط سید عبدالحکیم صاحب نے محفوط رکھے اور سید صاحب کی وفات کے بعد دارالمصنفین کے حوالہ کردیئے جو اس کا بڑا قیمتی سرمایہ ہیں۔
سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی تعلیم بہت معمولی تھی، لیکن ذوق علمی رکھتے تھے اور کتابوں کے مطالعہ سے انھوں نے اچھی خاصی استعداد بہم پہنچائی تھی، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ دیسنہ کا اردو کتب خانہ ہے، یہ کتب خانہ اس لحاظ سے ہندوستان میں بے مثل ہے کہ اس میں اردو کی اکثر مطبوعہ کتابیں اور پرانے اخبارات و رسائل کے مکمل فائل موجود ہیں جو دوسرے کتب خانوں میں مشکل سے مل سکتے ہیں، یہ کتب خانہ زیادہ تر سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی کوشش کا نتیجہ ہے۔ انھوں نے اس کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد بنالیا تھا، اردو کے شائقین اور اس کے ریسرچ اسکالر دور دور سے اس کو دیکھنے اور اس سے فائدہ اٹھانے کے لیے جاتے ہیں۔ سید صاحبؒ سے تعلق کی بناء پر مرحوم کو دارالمصنفین سے بڑا گہرا تعلق تھا، اگرچہ وہ اس کے کوئی عہدہ دار یا رکن نہ تھے لیکن اس کی ہواخواہی میں سب سے...
Over the years, Mauritanian Moorish women have managed to have their own poetry, an oral literature known locally as "tebrāʕ" translated into French by the word "ingenuity", sometimes also "invention". It is a love poetry originally used by girls or by women in general to express feelings that social norms prevent them from manifesting publicly. Tebrāʕ is deeper than a mere female expression of passion, it is rather a social and psychological state of mind that empowers women and helps them break taboos virtually for a short period of time. This article is an analytical reading of Tebrāʕ and presents new models and ways of examining this oral literature. It tries also to answer several questions which can be summarized as follows: Can this form of poetry be considered as a female literature? The closed circle where these words are composed and pronounced, can it be considered a therapy session? And above all, what power do these women and girls derive from this practice? This article is also a study of the perception of men and women in Mauritania in relation to this oral art practice based
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum; of 2n=6x=42) having hexaploid genome (AABBDD) of 17 Gb is the major staple food of Pakistan. The wheat production in Pakistan shows a long standing instability due to drought stress in wheat growing season. The introduction of drought tolerant commercial varieties is therefore the cry of the day, which needs marker assisted selection evolving promising lines. This dissertation communicates the results of a research endeavor based upon evaluation of 100 wheat accessions for drought stress under lab and field conditions. The data was obtained on morphological, physiological and marker associated assays for genome wide association mapping of the major alleles against drought. Reults of the morphological analysis showed that genotype Bahawalpur-79 ranked first on the basis of days to maturity, Barani-70 showed highest number of tillers, Marwat-01 has highest spike length, Margalla-99 has greatest spikelets per spike, Zarghoon-79 has highest 1000 grain weight and C-273 have highest harvest index and Uqab-2000 showed optimum plant height. These genotypes could be used for further breeding programs to improve wheat production under drought stress conditions of Pakistan. Analysis of Variance of the physiological data provided highly significant differences among the genotypes both in normal and drought stress. Margalla-99 recorded the highest relative water content in normal while NIAB-83 recorded the highest relative water content in drought stress conditions. Faisalabad-83 and Iqbal-2000 was ranked first on the basis of water loss rate in normal and water loss rate in stress conditions while NIAB-83 was ranked first in water use efficiency test. These genotypes may be recommended for commercial cultivation in irrigated and rainfed areas of Pakistan. The correlation analysis revealed that root dry weight, maximum root length, total root length, root shoot ratio, root diameter and number of seminal roots were positively correlated with water loss rate stress and relative water content stress and considered to be best root traits for drought tolerance. Pirsabak-85, AS-2002, Abdaghar-97, Marwat-01 and Soghat-90 were ranked first on the basis of root traits and considered to be best for drought stress areas of Pakistan. All the genotypes were screened with 102 SSR markers in which most of the markers were showed high level of polymorphism. Sum of 271 polymorphic alleles generated. The alleles per locus ranged from 1-3 with an average of 2.63 per locus. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values of the markers were calculated in the range of 0.03–0.59. The association analysis through linkage disequilibrium of 100 accessions clustered into thirteen distinct groups. Our analyses identified significant association between Xgdm5 and total root length, Xwmc235 and root fresh weight, Ppd-D1 and root dry weight, Xwmc149 and maximum root length, Xwmc175 and number of nodal roots, Xgwm302 and root angle, Xwmc175 and root density and Xwmc233 and root diameter. All the marker/trait associations were located on seven chromosomes (2D, 5B, 2A, 2B, 7B, 6D and 5D. The marker/trait association for maximum root length was not reported previously. The genetic information obtained might be used in marker-assisted selection to improve drought tolerance of wheat.