عہد اورنگ زیب کے محمد خان وامق سیالکوٹ کے پہلے اردو شاعر ہیں۔ وہ اپنے وقت کے اہم شاعر تھے۔ وامق وڈہرہ قوم کے کھتری تھے اور ان کو مسلمان کرنے کا فخر اس وقت کے جید عالم مولانا عبد اﷲچلپئی کو تھا جنہوں نے ان کا نام محمد خان رکھا۔ اشفاق نیاز تاریخِ سیالکوٹ میں آپ کے بارے رقمطراز ہیں:
آپ نہ صرف اعلی درجے کے شاعر تھے بلکہ ایک انشا پرداز بھی تھے اور یہی شہرت اور قابلیت انہیں دربارِ عالمگیر تک لے گئی۔ بادشاہ ان کا بہت قائل تھا بعد میں بادشاہ نے ان کے فن و ادب کی قدر کرتے ہوئے انہیں اخلاص خاں کے اعلیٰ خطاب سے سرفراز بھی فرمایا۔ آپ صاحبِ دیوان بھی تھے۔ اردو اور فارسی میں شاعری کرتے تھے مگر افسوس کہ باوجود سعی بسیار کے کلام مفقود ہے۔ (۱)
راقم الحروف بھی کوشش کے باوجود ان کا اردو کلام دریافت نہیں کر سکا۔تاریخِ سیالکوٹ کے مطابق آپ نے محمد شاہ کے عہد ۱۷۶۶ء میں سیالکوٹ میں وفات پائی۔(۲)
۱۔اشفاق نیاز‘ ’’تاریخِ سیالکوٹ‘‘ ‘ سیالکوٹ‘ سیالکوٹ ایڈورٹائزرز ‘ ۲۰۰۹ء، ص : ۲۹۳
۲۔ ایضاً‘ ص: ۲۹۴
There have been many prophets in human history to guide people on the right path. Some of them were revealed the Holy Scriptures. Muslims believe in all the heavenly books, as they were meant for the guidance of their respective Ummah (Nation). In the end Allah Almighty sent the Holy Quran which is complete and last message and a source of guidance for the whole mankind till the Day of Judgment. It is the only heavenly book which is found in its original form, because Allah Almighty has taken the responsibility to guard it. None of the other Holy Scriptures is found in its original shape. This protection has made it distinguished from all the other heavenly scriptures. However some teachings of the other Holy Scriptures have no contradiction to those of the Holy Quran; which terms this portion to be original and safe from human amalgamation. In the given article coordination (similarity) and contradiction of the teachings of the Holy Quran and those of Zaboor (Book of Psalm) have been compared and analyzed. First co ordinations and then contradictions have been discussed.
Plants have been a source of food, medicines and many other daily life products since primitive
times. Bacterial and fungal pathogen attack reduces crop yield. Phytochemicals as biocides can
kill microbes. In this study extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes (Ginger), leaves of
Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Camellian sinensis (Green tea) applied on bacterial strains,
Xanthomonas syringae, and fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata, to check their antibacterial
and antifungal activity respectively. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared. Ethanolic and
aqueous extracts showed a different yield. The bacterial pathogen was grown on ?Nutrient Agar
media (NA)? and the fungal pathogen was grown on ?Potato Dextrose Agar media (PDA)?.
Antibacterial and antifungal potential of plant extracts were observed at two different stages (at
the time of inoculation and after growth of pathogen on media). The method used for assessing
the inhibition zone was ?Agar Well Diffusion method?. MIC was also measured by ?Micro Broth
Dilution Method?. Ethanolic extract of green tea showed the highest inhibition zone on
Xanthomonas compestris was 12.5?1.0mm while lowest inhibition zone of 6.0?0.5mm was due
to the aqueous extract of green tea. Antimicrobial activity of other extracts was in between these
two ranges. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome and neem
leaves was 11.5?1.0, 6.0?1.0, 11.5?1.0, and 7.5?0.5, respectively. Aqueous extract of ginger
rhizome showed no antifungal activity while antibacterial activity was 3.0?0.5mm. The lowest
antibacterial activity was shown by the ethanolic extract of neem and the lowest antifungal
activity was also due to the aqueous extract of neem with the inhibition zone of 0.8?1.0 and
1.0?0.5mm, respectively. Highest antibacterial and antifungal activity were shown by aqueous
extract of green tea leaves with the inhibition zone of 12.5?1.0 and 3.0?0.6mm, respectively.
MIC values of aqueous extract of ginger rhizome and green tea leaves were 158.3mg/ml for
Alternaria alternata, which is the highest MIC for the fungal pathogen. However, the lowest MIC
value for Alternaria alternata was 75mg/ml by ethanolic extract of neem leaves. The others
extract showed antifungal MIC value in between these two ranges. Findings of the study will help
in agriculture disease control management on pathogens of wheat such as X. syringae, and A.
alternata. Advance researches are obligatory to explore interaction and microbial growth
inhibition mechanisms of divergent phytochemicals from different plants. The awareness of the
effectiveness of pooled extracts can be expanded from food implementations to the
pharmacological and chemical field.