ارشادڈیروی تے عصری شعور
اجوکے سمے دیاں دیاں مشہور اصناف سخن وچوں غزل اک اجیہی صنف سخن اے ، جس دے وچ سب توں ود ھ طبع آزمائی ہو رہی اے ۔ایس صنف وچ نویں نویں تجربے ہو رہے نیں تے نویں سرنانویاں نوںایس صنف راہیں بیان کیتا جا رھا اے ۔غزل دا ہر شعر اپنی تھاں اک مکمل اکائی ہو ندا اے ۔۔اوہدے وچ شاعر اپنی فکر تخیل یاں جذبہ مکمل طور تے بیان کریندا اے ۔ایس پاروں کچھ نقاداں نے ایس نوں ’’منتشر الخیال ‘‘صنف آکھیا اے ۔(۱)کیوں جے ایہدے وچ نظم ونگوں خیالا ں دا ربط تے تسلسل نہیں ہو ندا۔ایس دے باوجود غزل دے سارے شعر قافیہ تے ردیف دے داخلی دھاگے نال اک دوجے نال جڑے ہو ندے نیں ۔ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا دا خیال اے :
’’غزل کا ہر شعر ایک ایسا جزو ہے جو غزل کا حصہ ہو نے کے باوجود اس سے جد ا بھی ہے ۔ہر شعر ایک الگ حیثیت کا حامل ہے لیکن اس کے باوجود وصف غزل کے دھاگے سے منسلک بھی ہیں ۔‘‘(۲)
غزل واسطے سرنانویاں دی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہو ندی ۔ایس لئی ایہدے وچ حسن تے عشق ،جوانی تے بڑھاپا ،زمین تے آسمان ،سماج تے معاشرہ ،ریاست تے سیاست ،علم تے فن یعنی ہر قسم دے خیالات وکھو وکھ شعر اں وچ بیان کیتے جا سکدے نیں ۔پر اوہناں ساریا نوں ایک دوجے نال جوڑ کے رکھن لئی اک مخصوص داخلی رنگ،مخصوص جذبے تے احساس دی لوڑ اے ۔انج تد ای ہو سکداے جدوں شاعر حیاتی دے سبھے خارجی منظراں نو ں اپنی ذات تے فکر دا حصہ بنا لوے ۔اوہناں نوں شعراں دے روپ وچ ڈھالدیاں ہویاں اوہ اپنی ذات توں وکھریاں نہ کرے ۔سگوں اپنی ہڈو ورتی بنا کے پیش کرے ۔شاعر غزل...
Calling to the path of Allah has never been an easy task. It was in fact direct opposition of the prominent personalities of that time. The holy Prophet r conducted preaching (Daa’wah) in such a way that it is not monotonous for the listeners. The Prophet r did not make them sit for long and hear lengthy speeches. Preaching (Daa’wah) in today’s world is not as successful and effective mainly because it is not carried out the way as prescribed and practiced by the holy Prophet r. It is pertinent to mention here that way of preaching adopted by Prophet Muhammad r was the same as it had been the method of all Prophets before Him r. However, it can truly be said that Prophet Muhammad r developed these qualities to the extreme heights. In this article, prophetic approach of preaching was discussed in a way that may guide the preachers of modern times in efficient as well effective way. These virtues were discussed as different traits in the personality of a preacher.
Latentfingerprintsaretheimpressionsofpartialridgesleftonthesurfaceofobjects touched unintentionally at crime scenes and constitute a valuable source of evidence in law enforcement agencies to helpsolve crimes. However,majority of the processing (marking regionof interest(ROI),singularpoints(SP),orientationfieldandminutiaepoints)for latentprintsidentificationisdonemanuallybyforensicexperts.Theexistingmethods involve forensicexpertstomanually markthe featuresin latentandtheninput ittothe systemforautomaticmatchingwithreferenceprints.Thematcherreturnsalistof candidates thatare manuallycheckedbyexperts totake final decision.Thepracticeof manuallymarkingfeaturesinlatentsislaborious,timeconsumingandhumandependent whichmayresultsinwrongidentification.Thereforethereisaneedtoautomatethis process to avoid aforesaidconstraints. This thesis describes an automatedapproach of segmentation andenhancement for latent fingerprints identification.Currently,afew attemptshavebeenmade inthisrespectand still remain a challenging problem due to: (i) poor quality, (ii) small friction ridge area,(iii) presence of non-linear distortion,(iv) blurringor smudging,and(v) complexbackground noise. In this research, an algorithm for automated segmentation of latent fingerprints is proposed. The latent image datais classifiedintoclusters using K-means clustering techniquewhich results in pixels having similar characteristicsto fit in one cluster (foreground) while pixels having opposite characteristicsto other cluster (background).Tophat filtering is appliedto enhance the clustered data and mask is generated on the basis of this enhanced information. Segmentation is achievedby applying thegenerated maskon latent image.The proposed algorithm forsegmentationof latent fingerprintsisautomatedwithout anysortof human involvement.Performanceofproposedalgorithmisevaluatedbycomputingthemissed detection rate (MDR) and false detection rate (FDR) and comparison of proposed method withotherexistingalgorithmsisdone.SimulationresultsonNISTSD-27(databaseof latentfingerprintimagescontaining258latentfingerprintsalongwiththeirmatedrolled prints)showsignificantperformanceenhancementofproposedmethodhavingaverage MDR and FDR of 4.77% and 26.06% respectively. Furthermore, subjective comparison is made usingvisual segmentation reliability(VSR)which istheratioof intersectional area ofautomated and ground truthlatent to manually marked segmented latent. VSR approaches to 90% for good quality images, 70-80% for bad quality images and 50-60% for ugly qualityimages.Matchingperformance isimprovedwhen thesegmentedinputis applied to commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS tenprint)matcherascompared with un- segmentedinput. Another contribution of proposed research is towards the enhancement of latent fingerprints. Enhancement of segmented latent isperformed using Gabor filter bank. It has five image-dependent-parameterslikeorientation ∅ ,standarddeviations ?�and ?�ofthe Gaussian function,timeperiodTandthe convolutionmasksize.Theselectionof these parametersplaysacrucial roleinfingerprintenhancementspecificallytheorientation∅ andstandarddeviation ?� and ?� .Thelatentimageis dividedintoblocks of WxW centered at pixel (i,j)and gradients ��� and ��� along x-axis andy-axis are computedby applying Sobel operator at everypixel.Orientation ∅ is computedon the basis ofthese computed gradients. Ridge frequency F(i, j) is estimated by calculating the grey level value of each pixel, housed in the block, and is projected in a direction perpendicular to the local ridgeorientationandridgespacingS(i,j).Animprovementinfrequencyestimationis achievedbyintroducingGaussianlowpassfilterthatminimizesthenoiselevels.Ridge orientation ∅ and frequency F(i, j) is used to design an even-symmetric Gabor filter. Spatial convolution of thelatentfingerprint withGaborfilter isperformedtogenerateenhanced latentimage.SimulationresultsonNISTSD-27showthatimprovementinmatchingis increased 11% in comparison toautomatedlatent fingerprint segmentation and enhancementalgorithmby Zhang et al in 2013.