صفات الخطباء و مراعاة السامعين لتامين السلام في الجمتمعات الاسلامية

The religious sermon and the speaker play a keyrole in the Islamic societies in shaping and orienting the opinions, beliefs, approach and behavior of the masses. Addressing people is a great responsibility, for which the speakers will be held accountable to Allāh Almighty. Therefore, a speaker of Islām must be equipped with sound knowledge of Islām and well acquainted with the present time, too. Moreover, he must possesstherequired temperament of tolerance, compassion and consideration, while speaking to his audience. The example of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad(r) provides a complete model of conduct for today’s speakers. We notice that audiences are moved with the eloquence of the speakers. A careless speaker may drive his audience into the abyss of disappointment, alienation from Islām, terrorism andextremism, etc. ; On the other hand, he can alleviate their ignorance, reshape them to become the desired peaceful Muslims through his power of speech and influence of his character. In this paper, the author, tried to make the Islamic speakers realize their duties in respect of their audience in the light of the Sunnah of the Prophet(r).

Molecular Characterization of Poliovirus 2A Protease and its in Silico Evaluation As Potential Drug Target

Pakistan is reporting high number of polio cases during the last few years and the disease is continuously spreading. Poliovirus 2A protease (2Apro) is multifunctional proteinase performing vital roles during viral replication and cellular damage. RNA from polio infected blood samples and also from live attenuated polio vaccine was extracted followed by 2Apro amplification cloning and sequencing. The sequences were compared against the standard consensus 2Apro sequence obtained from Genbank to analyse mutations. In order to understand more concerning PV2Apro the protein was over-expressed in bacteria following amplification using sense and antisense primers and cloning in pET15b. Several expression hosts were tested and BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells gave the best expression of PV2Apro with minimal unwanted protein expression following IPTG induction. The 2Apro protein was purified to homogeneity using column chromatography, its solubility determined and its molecular weight and composition determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The purified protein had a slightly lower molecular weight than predicted. Several attempts were made to concentrate the protein using different buffers for ion exchange and crystallization procedures. However after every buffer change to reduce imidazole concentration, protein was gradually degraded. The 3D structure of 2Apro was determined and optimized by homology modelling followed by an energy minimization protocol. Structural validation programs VADAR and QMEAN were used to verify the 2Apro model. Analysis of protein stability changes of poliovirus 2A protease-mutated sequences using various servers was also performed. Furthermore, mutation pattern, intrinsic disorder regions (IDRs), hydrophobic regions, drug binding sites (DBS) and subcellular localization were identified. Hydrophobicity results confirmed the suitability and reliability of 2A protease as a potential drug target. Less IDRs were observed in the protein. In order to predict the molecular basis of interaction of small molecular agonists, docking simulation was performed on a structurally diverse dataset of known inhibitors of PV2Apro. Docking results were employed for missense mutations to predict extremely damaging to the protein structure as well as the function of the protease. Intrinsic disorder regions (IDRs), drug binding sites (DBS), and protein stability changes upon mutations were also identified among them. Our results demonstrated dominant roles for Gly 1, Lys 15, His 20, Cys 55, Cys 57, Cys 64, Cys 109, Gly 110 and Gly 111 within the binding pocket of PV2Apro. Upon subjecting these sites to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, we observed that out of 155 high risk SNPs, 139 residues decrease the protein stability. We conclude that these missense mutations can affect the functionality of the 2A protease, and that identified protein binding sites can be directed for the attachment and inhibition of the target proteins. Mutations detected in this study were also found to be interacting with the inhibitors proving them to be valuable tool for in formulating new drugs to inhibit polio virus replication. We have identified residues which would be helpful in the development of future selective drugs along with as important inhibitors to inhibit the replication of poliovirus.