Women and Feminism: A Discourse Analysis of Contemporary Theories and Islamic Teachings

Modern social activists through media present Islam’s view about women as an oppressed figure linked to her sexuality through so-called liberalism; her oppression is particularly symbolized by obsessive concern with sex, women’s bodies, the veil, and female isolation. While on factual grounds such mind set and groups have oppressed women by judging their worth as persons based on physical attractiveness. Such modern trends and feministic approaches have turned the image of woman as tool of entertainment or attraction. Those who are convinced by such modern values regard woman‘s status in Islam as inferior on the basis of several issues including; guardianship in marriage, polygamy, divorce right. Unfortunately this horrible disease has crept into Muslim societies in the name of cultural interrelation which is in total disregard for our purity and distinguishing values. The magnitude of women rights in Islam with comparison to feminism has been covered in this brief paper. The first part of the paper gives image of women in western society and bases for initiatives taken for feminism movement in west. Second part of the paper gives a comparison between Islamic approach of women rights and feminism. Third part of the paper describes the view of women liberation and modernity in western society. In fourth part of the paper discussion about women oppression has been presented. In fifth part Islamic view of women rights has been given through Quranic verses and references which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion

Shortest Path Tree Scaling Hierarchical Power Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

In the domain of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the primary issue is the power awareness. The major energy resources of Wireless Sensor Networks are small batteries of the sensor nodes. These small batteries have limited energy. Generally, the users are unable to access these small sensor nodes once they are deployed. Hence it is impossible to replace these energy resources. To enhance the lifetime of network, energy efficiency is the main design issue to be handled carefully. Most energy dissipation occurs during communication, thus routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks mainly focus and strive to minimize the energy utilization. A number of protocols have been developed for Hierarchical Networks Routing aimed at minimizing the energy utilization and at prolonging the network life. However, there still is a need for enhanced protocols to further improve the lifetime of the network. To that end, a new technique called Shortest Path Tree Scaling Hierarchical Power Efficient Routing (SPTSHPER) for WSN is proposed in this work. In the SPTSHPER, the network operations are divided into two phases. These phases are zone setup phase and data communication phase. In zone setup phase, first network is divided into sub zones called clusters, and a node is selected as a representative node called Cluster Head (CH). In data communication phase, the actual transmission of data between nodes to Cluster Head and Cluster Head to the Base Station (BS) occurs. Dijkstra?s Algorithm is used to find the Shortest Path Trees (SPT) rooted at Base Station to all other cluster heads. In this way, sensor data is transmitted to Base Station by Shortest Path Tree. To prolong the lifetime of the network and to save average energy the SPTSHPER evenly distributes the energy dissipation among all the sensor nodes. The novelty of the proposed protocol lies in the use of both single-hop and multi-hop routing. In multi-hop routing it uses the Shortest Path Trees to communicate with the BS. The significant advantage of the proposed approach is that the network scalability is preserved by using both single-hop and multi-hop routing. Moreover, by using Dijkstra?s Algorithm the SPTSHPER can save energy and reduce delay of the data package among Cluster Heads and Base Station.